<p>Manokin Historic District is a national historic district at Princess Anne, Somerset County, Maryland, United States, located at the mouth of the Manokin River. It consists of the Manokin settlement, which forms a unique and visually interesting area of great historical significance on the Lower Eastern Shore. These structures, Clifton, More and Case It, Almodington, Elmwood, and Homewood are most strongly linked together visually, culturally, and historically, although architecturally they span the period between the early 18th and the mid 20th centuries. Historically the structures are united by a tangled web of family interconnections. The continuous use of the properties for agriculture adds to the continuity of the intertwined historic associations. The vista from the district to the Chesapeake Bay or from the mouth of the Manokin River upstream remains unchanged from the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Boonsboro Historic District is a national historic district at Boonsboro, Washington County, Maryland, United States. The district includes 562 contributing elements. Its component buildings chronicle the town&#39;s development from its founding in 1792 through the mid 20th century. Most of the late 18th and early 19th century development in Boonsboro occurred along Main Street, then part of a principal market road between Williamsport, Hagerstown, Frederick, and Baltimore, Maryland. They are mainly of log, frame, or brick construction, with a few stone buildings interspersed. The majority of the buildings in the district date from the 1820-1850 period coinciding with peak use years of the National Road. Other features of the district include the Boonsboro Cemetery laid out about 1855 in a 19th-century curving plan with a number of exceptionally artistic gravestones, and the office/depot of the Hagerstown-Boonsboro Electric Railway. The period of significance, from 1792-1959 tracks the continuous growth and evolution of the town through the date by which the district had substantially achieved its current form and appearance.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Funkstown Historic District is a national historic district at Funkstown, Washington County, Maryland, United States. The district includes 217 contributing buildings, one contributing structure, and three contributing sites. The National Road forms Funkstowns main street and shaped in a significant way the appearance of the town. Funkstowns early and most extensive development was along this route, including the town&#39;s oldest known dwelling, the Jacob Funk House, built by the founder in 1769. Other properties are of sided log, stone, or brick construction of mixed residential and commercial use, dating from the late 18th century through the mid 20th century.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>Keedysville Historic District is a national historic district at Keedysville, Washington County, Maryland, United States. The district boundary is within the corporate limits of the town, generally focused on the properties lining Main Street and those associated with the now-abandoned railroad facilities. It is reflective of the towns growth from the 1768 establishment of Jacob Hess mill along the old Conococheague migration road to expansion with each new transportation development. The first major development was the Boonsboro-Sharpsburg turnpike. With the advent of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad through the center of town, shops and manufactures were established and expanded. The town&#39;s prosperity waned with the loss of railroad service in 1953. The district is also significant for the wide range of architectural stylistic influences present on the buildings through the historic town.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Williamsport Historic District is a national historic district at Williamsport, Washington County, Maryland, United States. The district consists of the historic core of this town. Almost 20 percent of the buildings in the district date from the late 18th and early 19th centuries. They are generally of log or brick construction until the second quarter of the 19th century. The town grew with the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and railroads, which resulted in prominent late 19th century Italianate and Queen Anne style buildings for residential and commercial purposes. Slightly less than 60 percent of the buildings date from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park in Albany, New York is the city&#39;s premier park and the site of many festivals and gatherings. As public property it dates back to the city charter in 1686, and has seen many uses including that of gunpowder storage, square/parade grounds, and cemetery. The park is often mistaken as being designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, but does incorporate many of the philosophical ideals used by Olmsted when he designed Central Park in Manhattan. The park is about 81 acre in size with the 5.2 acre Washington Park Lake, a roughly 1,600 ft and 140 ft lake, in the southwestern corner.</p><br>
<p>Not only is the park historic, but so is the mostly residential surrounding neighborhood. Many architectural works line the streets facing the park, designed by some of the most famous architects of the late 19th century, including Henry Hobson Richardson. At least two governors of New York lived in buildings facing Washington Park outside of their term in office. Due to the historical and architectural significance of the park and neighborhood both were included in 1972 as the Washington Park Historic District; and in 1998 the park was named one of the nation&#39;s 100 most important parks by the American Association of Architects. In 2008 Boston-based composer Peter Child wrote an orchestral piece inspired by the park, entitled Washington Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Cemetery and parade grounds</h3><br>
<p>Washington Park has been public property since the Dongan Charter was granted to Albany incorporating it as a city. The charter specified that all land not privately owned at the time became property of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the city of Albany, including the land that would become the site of Washington Park. A portion of the land was set aside for a structure built to house gunpowder in 1802, and in 1806 the areas between Willett and Knox streets, and between State Street and Madison Avenue, became the Middle Public Square. West of the cemetery was the alms-house farm and the penitentiary grounds. In 1809 the Middle Public Square was renamed Washington Square, and later the Washington Parade Ground. In 1868 the remains and headstones in the cemetery were removed and reinterred, most to Albany Rural Cemetery, and some to the cemeteries of other churches.</p><br>
<p>For years leading up to the creation of the park, the leading citizens and newspapers in Albany had pushed for a grand public park.</p><br>
<h3>Construction of the park</h3><br>
<p>The New York Legislature passed a law in 1869 authorizing the creation of a large public park on the spot and the creation of the Board of Trustees of the Washington Park of the City of Albany (later Commissioners). John Bogart and John Cuyler drew the plans for Washington Park in 1870. Bogart had worked for Olmsted and Vaux on Central Park in New York and later Bogart was the chief engineer for the New York City Department of Parks from 1872 to 1877. From 1869 to 1872 R.H. Bingham was the chief engineer in charge of the drafting of the plans and the supervision of construction, after 1872 his assistant William S. Egerton took charge. It was under Egerton that the formal garden settings were planted.</p><br>
<p>Work on the Washington Parade Grounds between Willett and Knox streets was begun in July 1870 and finished by the end of the year. During 1871 the former cemetery was landscaped and that area reopened as part of the park. The section of Washington Park between Lexington (formerly Snipe) and Robin streets was the focus of work in 1873, including the damming of the Beaverkill to form Washington Park Lake. In 1874 focus shifted to roughly 15 acre along Madison Avenue from Lake to Robin and a footbridge was built over the lake in 1875. Nine acres of mostly row houses along Knox Street north of Madison were purchased, destroyed, and landscaped in 1880</p><br>
<p>The Commissioners were given by the state additional powers to build and maintain approaches to the park and other parks as well, this allowed the commissioners to build a series of boulevards around the city. Western Avenue from the northwestern corner of Washington Park to the location of the toll gate of the Western Turnpike was under the purview of the commissioners. Work on the road began in late 1876 and was finished the next year. The total construction cost of the park, including purchasing the real estate and improving Western Avenue, was $1,073,020.91. In 1878 Northern Boulevard (today Manning Boulevard) was constructed by the commissioners, it extended from the western end of their jurisdiction on Western Avenue north and east to the intersection of Clinton and Central avenues.</p><br>
<h3>Modern times</h3><br>
<p>In 1958 Lancaster Street, which had previously ended at Willett Street opposite the park, was extended through to Northern Boulevard (today Henry Johnson Boulevard). Associated with this extension Northern Boulevard was also widened and both Lancaster and State streets were turned into one-ways. Entrances to Washington Park from Thurlow Terrace and Englewood Place were closed in 1972 turning those into dead end streets from Western Avenue. In 1988 Washington Park Road was renamed Albany Plan of Union Avenue in honor of the colonial congress held in Albany by Benjamin Franklin that proposed closer ties and support among the Thirteen Colonies. In 1991 Northern Boulevard from its intersection with Madison Avenue and Willett Street north through the park and continuing to Livingston Avenue in Arbor Hill was renamed Henry Johnson Boulevard in honor of African-American World War I hero Henry Johnson.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s Dutch elm disease (Ceratocystis ulmi) killed off all the elms that once populated the park and crab apples were planted to replace the elms along the pedestrian mall. After deteriorating over the decades Washington Park saw a revival in the 1990s and 2000s with the flower beds being restored to their original specifications, the pedestrian mall removed of pavement and widened to its original dimensions with disease-resistant elms planted to form a canopy, the King Fountain relit at night, and the lilac shrub border around the periphery of the park being restored.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>Originally Washington Park included many buildings: several shelters of untrimmed logs, a pavilion, wellhouse, croquet shelter, and lakehouse once dotted the landscape. The wooden lake house was replaced in 1929 with a "modern" brick structure while the others over time succumbed to age and changing use-patterns for the park and no longer stand. The footbridge over Washington Park Lake is the only remaining original structure in Washington Park; erected over the lake in 1875 the lamps on the bridge were originally gas burning but were electrified in 1881.</p><br>
<p>The current Washington Park Lake House was built in 1929 replacing the original stick style structure constructed in 1876. It is constructed in the Spanish Revival style with terracotta, terrazzo, brick, and guastavino tile. The area in front of the lake house has been the site for the performance of plays by the Park Playhouse for over 20 years. A 900-seat amphitheater faces the lake house allowing for comfortable seating for the over 60,000 people who visit every year. A proposal by the city to turn the lake house into a 125-seat restaurant and 200-seat banquet hall with an expanded dock with boat, cross-country ski, and ice skate rentals failed to materialize due to a lack of interest from the private business sector.</p><br>
<h2>Monuments</h2><br>
<p>Dr. James H. Armsby Memorial is a bust of James H. Armsby, the co-founder of Albany Medical College. Erected in 1879, it was the first memorial in the park.</p><br>
<p>Robert Burns Statue is a bronze statue erected in 1888, with four panels around the base installed in 1891. It is of the famous Scottish poet Robert Burns, his statue was sculpted by Charles Calverley and each of the four panels around the base have one of Burns poems carved by George H. Boughton. The Saint Andrews Society funded conservation of the statue in 1978.</p><br>
<p>King Memorial Fountain is a fountain erected in 1893 with a monumental bronze statue of Moses smiting the rock for water on Mount Horeb. Four figures of Israelite slaves around the statue on the side of the mountain represent the four stages of life: infancy, youth, adulthood, and old age. The fountain is in the center of formal gardens laid out by William S. Egerton. It was a gift from Rufus H. King and was sculpted by J. Massey Rhind, who also sculpted the Philip Schuyler statue that stands at the center of the intersection of Eagle Street and Washington Avenue in front of city hall. In 1988, the statue of Moses was cleaned and applied with a wax coating to protect it from the weather, and an arm was reattached to one of the four other statues on the fountain.</p><br>
<p>Marinus Willett Memorial is a monument to Colonel Marinus Willett commemorating his combat and character during the French and Indian Wars. It consists of a 33,000 lb boulder from the "scenes of conflict" he fought in, and the plaque is dedicated to his "patriotic services in defense of Albany and the people of the Mohawk". The boulder was placed by the Sons of the American Revolution in 1907, facing towards an entrance to the park from the corner of State and Willett streets, an entrance that no longer exists. The boulder&#39;s back faced Henry Johnson Boulevard (formerly Northern Boulevard) and was the scene of many vehicular accidents as drivers missed a sharp curve. In 2006, as part of the 200th anniversary of the park, the boulder was moved 60 yd to the corner of State and Willett.</p><br>
<p>Soldiers and Sailors&#39; Monument is a marble monument sitting on a granite base with a bronze statue representing the Nation, holding the palms of victory. The monument is built of Tennessee marble above the seat and the remainder is of Stony Creek granite. It is 22 ft high, 21 ft long and 5.5 ft deep, surrounded by a seat, the whole resting upon a platform 70 ft long by 64 ft deep. It sits at the Henry Johnson Boulevard entrance from State Street to the park. The monument represents "The Nation at Peace Won Through Victorious War". It was finished in 1911 by American Sculptor Hermon A. MacNeil and erected in 1912 by the Grand Army of the Republic as a monument to Civil War veterans. The monument was restored in 1986 and renamed the Albany Veterans Memorial Monument with an unveiling by two 85-year-old women who, as 12-year-olds, had unveiled the monument when it was first erected in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Henry Johnson Memorial is a bust of World War I hero Henry Johnson in a traffic island at the intersection of Henry Johnson Boulevard and Willett Street near Madison Avenue, erected in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Washington Park has many activities open to visitors and residents, some maintained by the city, others are spontaneously set up by individuals. Washington Park&#39;s open spaces are often used by visitors to play boccie, volleyball, and badminton games. Though skateboarding is legal throughout the park itself, the monuments and ball courts in the park fall under a citywide ban on skateboarding on public monuments, statues, and tennis/basketball courts.</p><br>
<p>Washington Park is the site of many festivals, concerts, and special occasions. The Tulip Festival held every year since 1949 in Washington Park is highlighted by the blossoming of 200,000 tulips throughout the park. The city, the Albany Police Athletic League, and Hannaford supermarkets sponsor the Capital Holiday Lights every winter, with 125 displays through the park. Proceeds benefit juvenile crime prevention programs.</p><br>
<p>Many fund raisers are held every year in the park as well, such as the American Cancer Society walkathon and the Freihofers Run for Women. The Freihofers Run is an International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) Silver Label race that draws professional marathon runners from Kenya, Ethiopia, Australia, and all across the United States along with locals as well. It is one of the largest all-women races in the world, and has served as the 5K national championship in 1989, 1990, and 1993–2004.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The streets surrounding Washington Park, State Street to the north, Willett Avenue to the east, Madison Avenue to the south, and South Lake Avenue to the west, along with Englewood Terrace, Thurlow Terrace, and the residence at 76 Western Avenue to the northwest, are all included in the Washington Park Historic District. Most of the existing properties date to after the 1880s, with very few predating the creation of the park.</p><br>
<h3>State Street</h3><br>
<p>State Street is a one-way eastbound street along Washington Park&#39;s northern border.</p><br>
<h3>Willett Street</h3><br>
<p>Willet Street is a northbound one-way street comprising three blocks, stretching from the southeastern corner of the park at the intersection with Madison Avenue to the northeastern corner with State Street. All of Willett Street is in the historic district, including approximately 33 buildings. The street is entirely residential except for the First Presbyterian Church, built in 1883 on the corner with State Street. Willett Street has many different styles including Queen Anne, Spanish Revival, Classical revival, Georgian, Romanesque, Italianate, and brownstones. Two larger apartment buildings, built in 1909 and 1927, break up the otherwise continuous row of older townhouses. One of those apartment buildings is the Willett, formerly the Wareham, a five-story building built in 1909 that spans 84–92 Willett Street. This building sits on a former site of the New York State Normal College, predecessor to the University at Albany, which burned in 1906. The oldest building on Willett to maintain its original facade, 22 Willett, was built in 1872. Nearby 28 Willett Street was the home of Martin Glynn, an owner and publisher of the Albany Times Union, a state comptroller, and the governor of New York from 1913 to 1914. Glynn was the first Catholic New York governor and the only longtime Albany resident to reach that position.</p><br>
<h3>Madison Avenue</h3><br>
<p>Madison Avenue is part of the cross-country US Route 20, and at four lanes wide it is the busiest street in the district. Roughly 90 buildings on Madison Avenue face the park. East of the intersection with Robin Street, Madison is more urban with 19th-century rowhouses; west of Robin Street is dominated by large detached residences, many of which have been converted to medical offices. A few buildings, such as 694 and 710 Madison predate park improvements that occurred across the street at the Taylor property, which later became basketball and tennis courts. 682 Madison was formerly the home of the Academy of Holy Names. It is currently administrative offices for the Albany Medical Center Annex.</p><br>
<h3>South Lake Avenue</h3><br>
<p>South Lake Avenue facing Washington Park consists of 23 rowhouses, a modern apartment building, and a converted carriage house. The Elouise Apartments were built in 1927 in the Classical Revival architecture style and are eight stories tall. 55 South Lake Avenue is in the Art Deco style, while 57 to 87 South Lake, built in 1896–97 is a row of yellow brick facades designed by Albert Fuller.</p><br>
<h3>Englewood Place and Thurlow Terrace</h3><br>
<p>Englewood Place and Thurlow Terrace were constructed by the Commissioners of Washington Park and maintained by them for some time, with half the maintenance cost assessed on the private property facing the street. Restrictions were placed to prevent fences and unwelcome uses to preserve a park-like appearance.</p><br>
<p>Englewood Place was a part of Robin Street until receiving its current name in the 1870s; it was laid out in lots in 1879, with large mansions and carriage houses built between 1879 and 1887. 5 and 7 Englewood Place were designed by Robert Gibson, who also designed the All Saints Cathedral. 5 Englewood Place became the residence of the University at Albany&#39;s president after 1997. Thurlow Terrace was developed a decade after Englewood. 8 Thurlow Terrace was the residence of the Albany Catholic bishops until 1957. From 1958 to 1972 the State University of New York owned 7, 8, 9, and 10 Thurlow Terrace as their central administration, prior to moving to One Commerce Plaza.</p><br>
<p>Lehmans Mill Historic District is a national historic district at Hagerstown, Washington County, Maryland, United States. The district comprises the remaining buildings of the mill group including the brick Lehmans Mill, built in 1869 for Henry F. Lehman, the farmstead with a stuccoed stone house dated 1837 with older and newer sections, a barn, carriage house, and agricultural outbuildings; another dwelling, also built by Lehman in 1877, a two-story brick and frame house; related outbuildings, and a portion of the mill&#39;s head and tail race. It is the oldest continuously operating mill in Washington County, and is the most intact mill complex remaining in the county.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Antietam Iron Furnace Site and Antietam Village is a national historic district at Antietam, Washington County, Maryland, United States. The district consists of the remains of a mid-18th to late-19th century iron furnace site, and the nearby related village. Remnants of the ironworks include a dam and race, a possible wheel pit or building foundation, the possible location of a furnace stack, a four-arch stone bridge built by John Weaver in 1832. Also at the site are the dozen or so brick, stone, and wood houses comprising Antietam Village. Typical of the houses is the Mentzer house, a four-bay, two-story, stone structure constructed of roughly coursed fieldstone and painted white.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>John Wesley A.M.E. Zion Church is a historic African American church in the Hill District of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The church, which is one of Pittsburgh’s oldest African American faith-based organizations, was founded in 1836 following a series of prayer meetings and preaching services.</p><br>
<p>On October 11, 1993, the church received City of Pittsburgh Historic Designation as a local landmark. However, in the following year the congregation was forced to temporarily abandon the church property following flooding that was created by waters from an abandoned 100 acre mine that ran below the church. In 2006, the church again faced flooding from the mine water, and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) installed new piping to divert the mine water from the church. At the DEP’s suggestion, a geothermal system was installed in November 2008 that used the runoff from the mine water to provide heating and cooling for the church building.</p><br>
<p>Innisfail Court House is a heritage-listed court house at 10 Edith Street, Innisfail, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. It is the town’s third court house. It was designed in the inter-war classical style by the Department of Public Works  and built in 1939 by day labour. The current court house is a two-storeyed brick building with a corrugated-iron roof. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Opened in March 1940, this was the third court house to be built in Innisfail, replacing the Second Innisfail Court House, a timber building erected in 1888. The building was designed in the office of the Department of Public Works; Andrew Baxter Leven was the Queensland Government Architect at the time.</p><br>
<p>The Johnstone River area was settled by cedar-cutters, with the first major planting of sugar cane by occurring in 1880. TH Fitzgerald is generally credited with planting the first sugar cane, and was responsible for the erection of the first mill in the area, late in 1881. Also in 1881, a town was laid out at the junction of the South Johnstone and North Johnstone Rivers, known reputedly as the Junction. The name Geraldton was given to the town in 1883.</p><br>
<p>Geraldton&#39;s first official building was erected, probably on the police reserve, accommodated a police station, court house, unofficial post office, lands office, customs office, an office for the Clerk of Petty Sessions and a gaol. Tenders for a new court house was called in late 1887, and plans for the building indicate the location of the building as on the corner of the police reserve bounded by Edith and Rankin Streets.</p><br>
<p>The name of the town was changed to Innisfail in 1910. By the late 1900s-early 1910s, the Innisfail district was attracting attention from both land speculators and settlers. The Queensland Government had expressed its intention of opening up the Mourilyan Harbour, and of resuming and extending the local tramline inland from the coast, giving further impetus to the development of the district.</p><br>
<p>Innisfail was devastated by a record flood in 1913, then by a cyclone in 1918, which destroyed many of the towns timber buildings. Despite these setbacks, the town prospered and opened its third sugar mill in 1916. Soldier settlement was established in Johnstone Shire around 1918, and in 1922, a number of blocks were made available to returned soldiers for growing sugar cane. Completion of the North Coast railway from Brisbane to Cairns in 1924, gave further impetus to the development of the district. By the 1920s, the Innisfail sugar industry was producing vast quantities of sugar cane and record yields of sugar, and the prosperity thisbought to the town was reflected in the many substantial buildings erected in the twenties and thirties. These include important civic buildings such as the first wing of the hospital, the Roman Catholic Church, the Commonwealth Bank and other commercial premises. Also important in the towns development were the opening of the Jubilee Bridge in 1923, linking the town with East Innisfail and Mourilyan, and the Dardgee Railway Bridge in 1924.</p><br>
<p>Although consideration was given to the likely need for expanded court house facilities to cope with an increasing amount of official and legal business, it was not until 1937 that plans for the erection of a new court house were drawn up, including the erection of a new two-storeyed brick court house on the site of the timber court house, and relocation of the timber court house to the east of the new court house, for use as the police office and barracks.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s Great Depression, Labor Premier William Forgan Smith established a government initiated works scheme under the Income (Unemployment Relief) Act (1930) to create employment. This involved the employment of architects, foremen, labourers and the use of local materials in the design and construction of government buildings such as court houses, government offices and state schools. The Innisfail and Mackay court houses are two fine examples of the substantial brick buildings erected through this work scheme.</p><br>
<p>The new building was completed in late 1939. Offices for a number of Government Departments were provided on the ground floor, with the court room and court facilities located on the first floor of the building. Minor alterations have been undertaken to the building in recent years, including the addition of a small air conditioning enclosure at the south east end of the court house.</p><br>
<p>The court house served as a coordinating point for the Cyclone Larry relief effort in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Innisfail Court House, designed in the inter-war classical style, is a two-storeyed brick building with a corrugated-iron roof and rendered details to the gables and verandahs. A curved portico forms the entrance to the building and addresses the corner through two columns with Ionic capitals. A double-height verandah runs down each street facade. The gables are embellished with broken pediments and Venetian windows.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The court house was listed on the former Register of the National Estate. Innisfail Court House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1939 as the third court house in Innisfail, this building survives as an example of the development of Innisfail as a commercial and official centre for the surrounding district from the late nineteenth century, and of the prosperity accompanying the expansion of settlement and the sugar industry in the Johnstone area during the early twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Innisfail Court House is a good example of a substantial brick court house which reflects the high standard of Government buildings in Queensland designed by the Department of Public Works during the early-mid 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The form of the building in relation to its prominent corner location, scale and materials, contribute to the Edith and Rankin Street streetscapes and Innisfail townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Designed and constructed as part of a Government initiated Works scheme created to generate employment throughout Queensland during the 1930s, the Innisfail Court House is also a fine example of the work completed under this scheme.</p><br>
<p>Bridal Veil Falls  is a plunge waterfall located along the Pakoka River in the Waikato area of New Zealand. The waterfall is 55 m high, and has over time caused the formation of a large pool at the base of the waterfall. The falls are in the 217 hectare Wairēinga Scenic Reserve  with tawa-dominated forest.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>The water cascades over a basalt cliff, formed by volcanic activity, when an Okete Volcanics vent, on the 226 m hill just to the north, erupted about 2 million years ago and blocked the valley.</p><br>
<h2>Access and recreational activities</h2><br>
<p>Approximately 15 minutes from the nearby town of Raglan, the falls can be found after an easy 10-minute walk through native bush, along the Pakoka River. Facilities include parking, long-drop toilets and four lookout platforms. River crossings are bridged. It is a steep descent to the falls base, not handicap enabled, by 261 steps cut into a well maintained path.</p><br>
<p>400m beyond Bridal Veil car park, where Kawhia Rd becomes gravel, is the start of the 6 km Pipiwharauroa Way walking and cycling track.</p><br>
<h3>Swimming and rock climbing</h3><br>
<p>The pool should not be swum in as water quality does not meet health standards for swimming.</p><br>
<p>Abseiling and rock climbing are not permitted due to damage to endangered plant life (the threatened spider orchid ).</p><br>
<p>The Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel, also known as the Renwick Chapel or James Renwick Chapel, is a historic building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States. Designed by James Renwick, Jr. in 1850, Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel is the architect&#39;s only known example of Gothic Revival church architecture in Washington, D.C. It is located on the highest ridge in Oak Hill Cemetery, near the intersection of 29th and R Streets NW. The chapel is one of two structures in Oak Hill Cemetery listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the other being the Van Ness Mausoleum. The chapel, mausoleum, and cemetery are contributing properties to the Georgetown Historic District, a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On June 7, 1848, businessman and philanthropist William Wilson Corcoran (1798&ndash;1888) purchased Parrott&#39;s Woods, a 15 acre forest overlooking Rock Creek Park, from Lewis Washington, great-grandnephew of President George Washington. Corcoran organized a company to establish a cemetery, and on March 3, 1849, the Oak Hill Cemetery Company was chartered by an Act of Congress.</p><br>
<p>Architect James Renwick, Jr. (1818&ndash;1895) was chosen to design a small chapel for the new cemetery. Renwick, whose best known works include Grace Church, St. Patrick&#39;s Cathedral and the Corcoran Gallery of Art (currently the Renwick Gallery), began designing the chapel soon after he had finished the plans for the Smithsonian Institution Building. The cost of constructing Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel was $9,400, which was paid by Corcoran.</p><br>
<p>On March 16, 1972, the National Park Service added Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel is considered an excellent example of Gothic Revival architecture, and often called a "miniature Gothic gem".</p><br>
<p>The building materials consist of Potomac gneiss, sandstone, and wood. A cornerstone, inscribed with the date "1850", is located in a buttress on the chapel&#39;s northwest corner. The chapel is accessible by a large, painted door on the west side. The door is protected by a padlocked, wrought iron gate; the padlock bears the inscription: "Presented/Oak Hill Cemetery Co./By/James L. Norris/March 19, 1895." A rose window with wooden mullions is located above the door.</p><br>
<h2>Influence</h2><br>
<p>The design of Grace Episcopal Church, a Gothic Revival church built in 1867, is very similar to that of the nearby Oak Hill Cemetery Chapel. Although the architect of Grace Episcopal Church is unknown, there is reason to believe Renwick may have designed the building. If this isnt the case, the person who designed the church was greatly influenced by Renwicks work.</p><br>
<p>The Goodga River is a river in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The river is located within the boundaries of Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve about 15 km east of Albany.</p><br>
<p>The river rises to the North of Reservoir Hill and flows in a southerly direction until it discharges into Moates Lake. This lake drains into Gardner Lake and eventually onto Two Peoples Bay.</p><br>
<p>The average rainfall in the catchment area is 1,100 mm with most falling in the winter months. The catchment mostly consists of Albany Blackbutt and Sheoak forest. Approximately one third of the catchment has been cleared for agriculture.</p><br>
<p>The name was first recorded in 1913 by a surveyor and is thought to be of Aboriginal origin.</p><br>
<p>A weir was built along the river in 1964 to measure stream flow, a fish way was built in 2000 to allow fish to migrate upstream of the weir.</p><br>
<p>The river is home to the endangered fish, the Trout Minnow (Galaxias truttaceus) which only occurs between the Goodga and the Angove River. In 2003, the first vertical slot fishway in Western Australia was installed in the river.</p><br>
<p>The Bama Theatre is a historic theatre in Tuscaloosa, Alabama that currently serves as the city&#39;s performing arts center. Its modern redevelopment is the result of cooperation between the Arts Council of Tuscaloosa and the Tuscaloosa County Parks and Recreation Authority. The three-story brick and limestone building is located at the corner of Sixth Street and Greensboro Avenue in downtown Tuscaloosa. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 30, 1984.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>The Bama Theatre was originally constructed from 1937–38 through Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal as a Public Works Administration project. The building was built as a combination theater and city hall for Tuscaloosa. It was designed by Birmingham architect David O. Whilldin, who also designed other historically significant buildings in the Tuscaloosa downtown area. The building opened as a theater on April 12, 1938. The theater was one of the last movie palaces built in the South. The building features a Streamline Moderne exterior style, popular during the period, and a lavish "atmospheric" interior style that is decorated with a combination of Moderne and Renaissance elements. Twinkling stars and clouds on the ceiling create an open air feel in the performance hall. The city hall was moved out the building following the citys acquisition and renovation of the former United States Post Office (built 1909) in 1968.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>The theater was converted to a performing arts center in 1976 and has been completely renovated for live theatrical/concert use. With the arrival of theater manager David Allgood in 2003, the Bama has become a sought-after venue for touring artists. The movie fare at The Bama was also revamped, creating the Bama Art House Film Series, featuring independent, foreign, and documentary movies. Past screenings have included Boyhood, Moonrise Kingdom, Turn Me On, Dammit, Room, and the world premier of John Sayles&#39;s Honeydripper, which was filmed in Alabama. Sayles attended the one-night screening, which drew an audience of nearly 900 people. The Bama continues to be the premier performing arts venue in Tuscaloosa, boasting over 300 nights per year of concerts, movies, dance, and live theater.</p><br>
<h2>Performance groups</h2><br>
<p>The Bama Theatre is home to several performance groups from Tuscaloosa and the surrounding area. The Tuscaloosa Childrens Theatre and Tuscaloosa Community Dancers perform at the theater 2-3 times a year each and entertain packed houses with every show. The ACT ("Actors Charitable Theatre") performs 4-5 shows annually and gives at least 33% of their proceeds to a selected charity. The theatre is also home to several dance school end-of-year recitals including The Dance Centre and The Academy of Ballet and Jazz. The Tuscaloosa Academy Players, Tuscaloosa County High School Drama Dept and Brookwood Drama Department have also all enjoyed great success with their productions in this historic space.</p><br>
<p>Double Pipe Creek, sometimes called Pipe Creek, is a major tributary of the Monocacy River in Carroll County and Frederick County in Maryland, located several miles north and west of Westminster. The creek is only 1.6 mi long, but is formed by the confluence of two much longer streams, Big Pipe Creek and Little Pipe Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The creek&#39;s watershed extends as far east as Manchester, Maryland, and includes the towns of Union Bridge, Taneytown, New Windsor and Westminster. The main stem of the creek is formed from the confluence of Big Pipe Creek, 31.6 mi long, with headwaters near Manchester; and Little Pipe Creek, 24.9 mi long, with headwaters in Westminster. From the confluence, near Detour, Maryland (39.6012&deg; latitude, -77.2703&deg; longitude), Double Pipe flows west for 1.6 mi to its mouth at the Monocacy, which drains to the Potomac River. The watershed area of Double Pipe Creek is 192.6 square miles.</p><br>
<p>Tributaries include Bear Branch, Big Pipe Creek, Little Pipe Creek, Meadow Branch and Sam’s Creek. Double Pipe Creek, the portion of Little Pipe Creek west of Union Bridge, and the western section of Sam&#39;s Creek form part of the legal boundary between Frederick County and Carroll County.</p><br>
<h2>Pollution</h2><br>
<p>The (MDE) has identified water quality violations for Double Pipe Creek and tributaries, specifically for sediment, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and bacteria. The principal sources of bacteria appear to be failing septic tanks from residences and/or businesses, pet waste and waste from farm animals (livestock). The pollution sources for sediment include agricultural runoff and urban runoff. (Although agriculture is the predominant land use in the watershed, tributaries of Double Pipe Creek flow through portions of Westminster, Taneytown, New Windsor and Union Bridge.)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the battle broke out at Gettysburg, General Meade had planned a defensive position for the Army of the Potomac at Pipe Creek, making use of its broad slopes and open fields of fire. In the alternate history Gettysburg, by Gingrich and Forstchen, General Lee seizes Pipe Creek as his defensive line.</p><br>
<p>The Fruita Rural Historic District in Capitol Reef National Park comprises a former Mormon agricultural settlement that was active from 1895 to 1947. It includes what remains of the town of Fruita. The Leo R. Holt House, oldest in Fruita, was built in 1895 and the Fruita schoolhouse in 1896. Along with other scattered structures from the original settlement, the district also includes the 1940 ranger station, built for what was then Capitol Reef National Monument in the National Park Service Rustic style and constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Later development included the Mission 66 park visitor center.</p><br>
<p>The orchards that gave Fruita its name are preserved as a "historic landscape" by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The Kent River is a river in the Great Southern of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river rise near Tenterden. The river flows in a south-westerly direction, crosses the Muirs Highway east of Rocky Gully, flows through Mount Roe-Mount Lindesay National Park, crosses the South Coast Highway near Kenton, flows through the Owingup Nature Reserve swampland and finally discharges into the eastern side of Irwin Inlet.</p><br>
<p>There are two tributaries to the Kent; Styx River and Nile Creek.</p><br>
<p>The river was named in 1829 by Thomas Wilson who was the first European to explore the river. He named it after a member of his exploration party John Kent, of the 39th Regiment, Assistant Commissary General at the King George Sound garrison.</p><br>
<p>Glen Island Park is a 105 acre park, located on Glen Island, on the Long Island Sound, New York. The park is owned and operated by Westchester County and shares the island with a privately operated but county-owned entertainment facility, the Glen Island Harbour Club . Westchester County residency is required for admission.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Starin's Glen Island</h3><br>
<p>In 1879, former USA Congressman John H. Starin bought Glen Island and four nearby islands. He gave Glen Island its name and converted the islands into a summer resort for city dwellers that has been called "the first theme park". The islands were connected by causeways and piers, and each island featured a different international theme. Steamships transported visitors from New York City to the park. The park, which opened in 1881, attracted thousands of people daily, included among its attractions a bathing beach, a natural history museum, a zoo, a German beer garden and castle, musical entertainment, and a Chinese pagoda.</p><br>
<p>Glen Island beach jeh.jpg</p><br>
<p>Glen Island beach house jeh.jpg</p><br>
<p>Glen Island Castle.jpg</p><br>
<p>Glen Island Casino jeh.jpg</p><br>
<p>In 1923, Westchester County acquired the site, which is now a public recreational park.</p><br>
<p>Antipsara  is a small Greek island in the Aegean Sea. Antipsara had 4 inhabitants according to the 2011 census. It lies about 3 km west of the larger island Psara, from which its name is derived. Geographic conditions make it inaccessible from the north and west side. Evidence exists of settlement in ancient Greek and Roman times. During the Ottoman rule the island served as a port. Nowadays, tourist trips to the island originate from Psara in the summer months. The small church of St John  on the eastern side is visited in August by pilgrims.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>The island is a nesting site of the European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), Eleonoras falcon (Falco eleonorae), Corys shearwater (Calonectris diomedea), and the yelkouan shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan).</p><br>
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<p>Nash–McDonald House is a house in Anchorage, Kentucky with elements of Gothic Revival architecture that was built in 1869.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed to be a "fine example of the Gothic Revival which is relatively rare in the County although more prevalent in Anchorage", according to a 1979 Kentucky Historic Resources review of the property. The review asserts it is significant as one of several houses built by Edward D. Hobbs. This property was sold by Hobbs to M.B. Nash in 1869 for $10,139.71. It was home during 1884 to 1887 to Rev. William McDonald. McDonald founded the Louisville Rugby School in Louisville. a school which, in "its early years, the school was the largest and most flourishing private school for boys west of the Alleghanies&#39;".</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Responsible body: Private</p><br>
<p>The Aden Site is an archaeological site that is the type site for the Aden Phase (800-900 CE) of Lower Yazoo Basin Coles Creek culture chronology. It corresponds to Middle Coles Creek, chronologically between the Bayland Phase and Kings Crossing Phase.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Aden Site is located on the south bank of Jeff Davis Bayou, a mile and a half east of the unincorporated community of Valley Park, Issaquena County, Mississippi, USA, near coordinates 32.636969&deg; latitude, -90.836339&deg; longitude.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The site consists of three platform mounds making a triangular arrangement surrounding a small plaza, with the fourth side of the plaza bordered by Jeff Davis Bayou. This is considered to be a typical Coles Creek phase settlement pattern. The largest, designated Mound A, on the eastern border of the plaza is 3 m in height, with the summit surface area measuring 23 m by 17 m. The second largest mound, Mound B on the southern border of the plaza, is 3.5 m high, and measuring 50 m by 35 m at its base. Mound C, located on the western border of the plaza, is 2 m high and 50 m in diameter. Mound C has been heavily degraded by cultivation, and may have been larger.</p><br>
<h2>Aden Phase</h2><br>
<p>Aden Phase (800-900 CE) is a classification of sites and artifacts of the Cole Creek Culture created by Phillip Phillips.</p><br>
<p>Aden Phase sites are distributed throughout western Mississippi, in the area east of the Mississippi River and North of the Yazoo River except for the Blackely and Haynes Bluff sites which are along the Southern bank of the Yazoo River.</p><br>
<p>The original Cole Creek site had become better known as the Gordon site and was considered an example of the late Gordon period of the Plaquemine culture. Sites such as Greenhouse and French Fork showed evidence of multiple occupations over a long period resulting in pottery that from multiple cultures. The Aden Phase was an attempt to create a new baseline for “classic” Cole Creek Culture which could be then be used as a reference when comparing it to other cultures.</p><br>
<p>Aden Phase sites are distributed throughout western Mississippi, in the area east of the Mississippi River and North of the Yazoo River except for the Blackely and Haynes Bluff sites which are along the Southern bank of the Yazoo River.</p><br>
<h2>Aden artifacts</h2><br>
<p>The Aden Phase was originally represented by the pottery styles identified as Baytown Plain, var. Valley Park; Chevalier Stamped, var Chevalier; Coles Creek Incised, vars. Coles and Wade; Evansville Punctuated, var. Rhinehart; French Fork Incised, var. Larkin; Marzique Incised, var. Marzique; and Mulberry Creek Cord Marked, var. Smith Creek. The sites now considered the best examples of “typical” Aden Phase are, in descending order of importance Coles Creek Incised, vars. Coles Creek, Campbellsville, and Macedonia, and French Fork Incised, var Larkin.</p><br>
<p>Pottery of the Aden Phase tended towards simple designs; regular shapes, unmodified rims and few appendages. Their surfaces were typically light gray, clouded by firing and bits of white material embedded in the earthenware. Triangular, zig zag and crescents were also present as decoration.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements</h2><br>
<p>Aden Phase settlements were the first example of the rectangular shaped mounds that have become a hallmark of Cole Creek Culture settlements, though some sites have older conical mounds from the Bayland phase remained in sites that were continually inhabited since that time. In the Aden Phase, settlements began to be built in a planned fashion with three rectangular mounds of approximately equal size forming a ceremonial center to the town with the three mounds forming three sides of a rectangular space.</p><br>
<p>The Warren River is a river in the South West region of Western Australia with a catchment encompassing the towns of Manjimup and Pemberton. The river was named</p><br>
<p>by Governor James Stirling, probably after Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren under whom Stirling served whilst in action in North America in 1813.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The river was first encountered in 1831 by Lieutenant William Preston RN, first of the Success, then of the Sulphur. Preston was in charge of a boat survey of the south-west coast from Albany to Fremantle. The boat was wrecked near Green Point and Preston and his crew were forced to make the first land journey from Albany to Fremantle, along the coast. Preston was a brother-in-law of Governor Stirling.</p><br>
<p>The first settler on the Warren was Edward Reveley Brockman, who in 1862, established Warren House homestead and station on the banks of the river.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The river rises in the Tone State Forest west of Strachan, 30 km south-east of Manjimup. From the confluence of the Tone and Perup Rivers (at Murtinup) it flows 137 km in a south-westerly direction crossing the South Western Highway and then through the Warren State Forest, the Greater Hawke and D&#39;Entrecasteaux National Parks and the Dombakup Nature Reserve, finally discharging into the Southern Ocean near Coolyarbup.</p><br>
<p>The Warren is a medium-sized river originating in medium rainfall marri/wandoo woodlands, flowing through jarrah/marri forest and high rainfall karri country to the coast. It is the second largest river by streamflow in the Busselton-Walpole region. Tributaries of the Warren River include the Perup, Yerraminnup, Wilgarup and Tone rivers, and Quinninup, Lefroy and Dombakup brooks.</p><br>
<h2>Salinity</h2><br>
<p>Prior to vegetation clearing for agriculture, salinity was recorded as approximately 120–350 mg/L, where &lt;500 mg/L is considered fresh. The Wilgarup, Dombakup and Lefroy sub-catchments were initially cleared around 1925 as part of the Group Settlement Scheme. Extensive clearing in the 1950s and 1960s resulted in a significant increase in stream salinity, with water quality no longer considered fresh. The Warren catchment was declared a clearing control catchment in 1978 following concerns with rising salinity levels. Following this declaration, intensive revegetation was undertaken within the Perup and Tone River sub-catchments, which account for 60% of the salt load entering the Warren River. Salinity levels are leveling off and clearing within the total catchment is now estimated as 35%. The lower Warren River to the river mouth is considered slightly brackish, with a mean annual salinity of 990 mg/l for the period 1993-2002, measured at Barker Road gauging station. Dombakup Brook is recorded as being fresh (&lt; 440 mg/l).</p><br>
<p>The Floor of the Valley Road, also known as the Zion Canyon Scenic Drive, follows the canyon of the North Fork of the Virgin River, also known as Zion Canyon, through Zion National Park, Utah. A precursor to the present nine-mile road was first built in 1916, but was later redesigned by the National Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs to highlight the natural features of the valley while presenting a natural-appearing built environment. The road begins at the south boundary of the park and ends at the Temple of Sinawava.</p><br>
<p>The design uses local materials such as red sandstone and rustic construction techniques according to the prevailing 1930s Park Service policy of naturalistic design. The Cable Creek Bridge is separately nominated to the National Register of Historic Places as a particularly prominent example of the style. The road surface is coated with red aggregate to continue the design theme.</p><br>
<p>From the South Entrance to Canyon Junction at the mouth of Zion Canyon the road has been reconstructed and has lost many of the characteristic features of the 1930s construction.</p><br>
<p>The original 1916 road, built by Park Service engineer W.O. Tufts, was a single-lane dirt road that extended as far as the Weeping Rock parking area. In 1925 a gravel-surfaced road, called the "Government Road" replaced the original road and extended all the way to the Temple of Sinawava.</p><br>
<p>In 1931 and 1932 the present road was constructed on a new alignment as a Depression-era public works project. Further construction was performed from 1933 to 1942 by Civilian Conservation Corps labor.</p><br>
<h2>Traffic restrictions</h2><br>
<p>Traffic congestion in the narrow canyon was recognized as a major problem in the 1990s and a public transportation system using propane-powered shuttle buses was instituted in the year 2000. From April through October, the scenic drive in Zion Canyon is closed to private vehicles and visitors ride the shuttle buses.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Eshmun  is an ancient place of worship dedicated to Eshmun, the Phoenician god of healing. It is located near the Awali river, 2 km northeast of Sidon in southwestern Lebanon. The site was occupied from the 7th century BC to the 8th century AD, suggesting an integrated relationship with the nearby city of Sidon. Although originally constructed by Sidonian king Eshmunazar II in the Achaemenid era  to celebrate the city&#39;s recovered wealth and stature, the temple complex was greatly expanded by Bodashtart, Yatan-milk and later monarchs. Because the continued expansion spanned many centuries of alternating independence and foreign hegemony, the sanctuary features a wealth of different architectural and decorative styles and influences.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary consists of an esplanade and a grand court limited by a huge limestone terrace wall that supports a monumental podium which was once topped by Eshmuns Graeco-Persian style marble temple. The sanctuary features a series of ritual ablution basins fed by canals channeling water from the Asclepius river (modern Awali) and from the sacred "Ydll" spring; these installations were used for therapeutic and purificatory purposes that characterize the cult of Eshmun. The sanctuary site has yielded many artifacts of value, especially those inscribed with Phoenician texts, providing valuable insight into the sites history and that of ancient Sidon.</p><br>
<p>The Eshmun Temple was improved during the early Roman Empire with a colonnade street, but declined after earthquakes and fell into oblivion as Christianity replaced paganism and its large limestone blocks were used to build later structures. The temple site was rediscovered in 1900 by local treasure hunters who stirred the curiosity of international scholars. Maurice Dunand, a French archaeologist, thoroughly excavated the site from 1963 until the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975. After the end of the hostilities and the retreat of Israel from Southern Lebanon, the site was rehabilitated and inscribed to the World Heritage Site tentative list.</p><br>
<h2>Eshmun</h2><br>
<p>Eshmun was the Phoenician god of healing and renewal of life; he was one of the most important divinities of the Phoenician pantheon and the main male divinity of Sidon. Originally a nature divinity, and a god of spring vegetation, Eshmun was equated to Babylonian deity Tammuz. His role later expanded within the Phoenician pantheon, and he gained celestial and cosmic attributes.</p><br>
<p>The myth of Eshmun was related by the sixth century Syrian Neoplatonist philosopher Damascius and ninth century Patriarch of Constantinople, Photius. They recount that Eshmun, a young man from Beirut, was hunting in the woods when Astarte saw him and was stricken by his beauty. She harassed him with her amorous pursuit until he emasculated himself with an axe and died. The grieving goddess revived Eshmun and transported him to the heavens where she made him into a god of heaven.</p><br>
<p>From a historical perspective, the first written mention of Eshmun goes back to 754 BC, the date of the signing of the treaty between Assyrian king Ashur-nirari V and Mati&#39;el, king of Arpad; Eshmun figures in the text as a patron of the treaty.</p><br>
<p>Eshmun was identified with Asclepius as a result of the Hellenic influence over Phoenicia; the earliest evidence of this equation is given by coins from Amrit and Acre from the third century BC. This fact is exemplified by the Hellenized names of the Awali river which was dubbed Asclepius fluvius, and the Eshmun Temple&#39;s surrounding groves, known as the groves of Asclepius.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Historical background</h3><br>
<p>In the 9th century BC, the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II conquered the Lebanon mountain range and its coastal cities. The new sovereigns exacted tribute from Sidon, along with every other Phoenician city. These payments stimulated Sidon&#39;s search for new means of provisioning and furthered Phoenician emigration and expansion, which peaked in the 8th century BC.</p><br>
<p>When Assyrian king Sargon II died in 705 BC, the Sidonian king Luli joined with the Egyptians and Judah in an unsuccessful rebellion against Assyrian rule, but was forced to flee to Kition (modern Larnaca in Cyprus) with the arrival of the Assyrian army headed by Sennacherib, Sargon II&#39;s son and successor. Sennacherib instated Ittobaal on the throne of Sidon and reimposed the annual tribute.</p><br>
<p>When Abdi-Milkutti ascended to Sidon&#39;s throne in 680 BC, he also rebelled against the Assyrians. In response, the Assyrian king Esarhaddon laid siege to the city. Abdi-Milkutti was captured and beheaded in 677 BC after a three-year siege, while his city was destroyed and renamed Kar-Ashur-aha-iddina (the harbor of Esarhaddon). Sidon was stripped of its territory, which was awarded to Baal I, the king of rival Tyre and loyal vassal to Esarhaddon.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Sidon returned to its former level of prosperity while Tyre was besieged for 13 years (586–573 BC) by the Chaldean king Nebuchadnezzar II. Nevertheless, the Sidonian king was still held in exile at the court of Babylon. Sidon reclaimed its former standing as Phoenicias chief city in the Achaemenid Empire (529–333 BC). During this period, Xerxes I awarded king Eshmunazar II with the Sharon plain for employing Sidons fleet in his service during the Greco-Persian Wars.</p><br>
<p>Eshmunazar II displayed his new-found wealth by constructing numerous temples to Sidonian divinities. Inscriptions found on the king&#39;s sarcophagus reveal that he and his mother, Amashtarte, built temples to the gods of Sidon,</p><br>
<p>As two series of inscriptions on the foundations of the monumental podium attest, construction of the sanctuarys podium did not begin until the reign of King Bodashtart. The first set of inscriptions bears the name of Bodashtart alone, while the second contains his name and that of the crown prince Yatan-milk. A Phoenician inscription, located 3 km upstream from the temple, that dates to the 14th year of Bodashtarts reign, alludes to water adduction works from the Awali river to the "Ydll" source that was used for ritual purification at the temple.</p><br>
<h3>Roman era and Decline</h3><br>
<p>The Eshmun sanctuary was damaged by an earthquake in the fourth century BC, which demolished the marble temple atop the podium; this structure was not rebuilt but many chapels and temples were later annexed at the base of the podium.</p><br>
<p>The temple site remained a place of pilgrimage in the classical antiquity during the early Roman Empire and until the advent of Christianity, when the cult of Eshmun was banned and a Christian church was built at the temple site across the Roman street from the podium. Remnants and mosaic floors of a Byzantine church can still be seen on the site.</p><br>
<p>A Roman colonnade was built in the third century, probably by emperor Septimius Severus, and a Roman Villa showed a period of renewed relative importance for the city during the late period of Phoenicia under Roman rule. Furthermore, within the original Phoenician temple site the Romans added the processional stairway, the basins for ablutions and a nymphaeum with pictorial mosaics, that are still largely intact. Worn statuettes of three nymphs stand in the niches of a Roman fountain.</p><br>
<p>Another earthquake hit Sidon around 570 AD; Antoninus of Piacenza, an Italian Christian pilgrim, described the city as partly in ruins. For many years after the disappearance of the cult of Eshmun, the sanctuary site was used as a quarry: Emir Fakhr-al-Din II, for example, used its massive blocks to build a bridge over the Awali river in the 17th century.</p><br>
<p>The site later fell into oblivion until the 19th century</p><br>
<h3>Modern discovery</h3><br>
<p>First line reads: Mēm Lāmedh Kaph Bēth Dāleth ʼAyin Šin Tāw Rēš Tāw Nun Bēth Nun ṣādē Dāleth Qōph Yōdh Tāw Nun Mēm Lāmedh Kaph Mēm Lāmedh Kaph ṣādē Dāleth Nun Mēm.</p><br>
<p>Second line reads: Bēth Nun Bēth Nun Mēm Lāmedh Kaph ʼĀleph Šin Mēm Nun ʼAyin Zayin Rēš Mēm Lāmedh Kaph ṣādē Dāleth Nun Mēm ʼĀleph Yōdh Tāw Hē Bēth Tāw Zayin.</p><br>
<p>Third line reads: Bēth Nun Lāmedh ʼĀleph Lāmedh Yōdh Lāmedh ʼĀleph Šin Mēm Nun Šin Rēš Qōph Dāleth ŠinPhoenician inscription of King Bodashtart found on the Eshmun Temple&#39;s podium. Bustan el-Sheikh, Sidon, 4th century BC.</p><br>
<p>Between 1737 and 1742, Richard Pococke, an English anthropologist, toured the Middle East and wrote of what he thought were ruins of defensive walls built with 3.7 m stone blocks near the Awali river. When the French orientalist Ernest Renan visited the area in 1860, he noticed that the Awali bridge abutments were built of finely rusticated blocks that originated from an earlier structure. He also noted in his report, Mission de Phénicie, that a local treasure hunter told him of a large edifice near the Awali bridge.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, local clandestine treasure hunters digging at the Eshmun Temple site haphazardly discovered inscriptions carved onto the temple&#39;s walls. This discovery stirred the interest of Theodore Macridy, curator of the Museum of Constantinople, who cleared the temple remains between 1901 and 1903.</p><br>
<h3>After 1975</h3><br>
<p>During the Lebanese Civil War and the Israeli occupation of South Lebanon (1985–2000), the temple site was neglected and was invaded by vegetation overgrowth; it was cleared and recovered its former condition after the Israeli withdrawal. Today the Eshmun sanctuary can be visited all year round and free of charge, it is accessible from an exit ramp off the main Southern Lebanon highway near Sidons northern entrance. The site holds a particular archaeological importance since it is the best preserved Phoenician site in Lebanon; it was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative Lists Cultural category on July 1, 1996.</p><br>
<p>In literature, the temple of Eshmun figures in Nabil Salehs 2009 novel, The Curse of Ezekiel as the setting where Bomilcar falls in love and rescues princess Chiboulet from the evil design of one of the temples priests.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>A number of ancient texts mention the Eshmun Temple and its location. The Phoenician inscriptions on the sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II, a Sidonian king, commemorate the construction of a "house" for the "holy prince" Eshmun by the king and his mother, queen Amashtart, at the "Ydll source by the cistern".</p><br>
<p>Dionysius Periegetes, an ancient Greek travel writer, identified the Eshmun temple by the Bostrenos River, and Antonin de Plaisance, a 6th-century AD Italian pilgrim recorded the shrine as near the river Asclepius fluvius.Strabo and other Sidonian sources describe the sanctuary and its surrounding "sacred forests" of Asclepius, the Hellenized name of Eshmun, in written texts.</p><br>
<p>Located about 40 km south of Beirut and 2 km northeast of Sidon, the Eshmun Temple sits on the southern bank of the modern Awali river, previously referred to as Bostrenos or Asclepius fluvius in ancient text. Citrus groves, known as Bustan el-Sheikh (بستان الشيخ, the grove of the Sheikh), occupy the ancient "sacred forests" of Asclepius and are a favorite summer picnic location for locals.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and description</h2><br>
<p>Built under Babylonian rule (605–539 BC), Fragments of marble column bases with Torus moldings and facetted columns found east of the podium are also attributed to the Babylonian era.</p><br>
<p>The pyramidal structure was superimposed during Persian rule by a massive ashlar podium constructed from heavily bossed limestone blocks that measured more than 3 m across by 1 mthick, which were laid down in courses 1 m high. The podium stands 22 m high, runs50 m into the hillside, and boasts a 70 m wide façade. The terrace atop of the podium was once covered by a Greco-Persian style marble temple probably built by Ionic artisans around 500 BC. The marble temple has been reduced to a few remaining stone fragments due to theft.</p><br>
<p>During the Hellenistic period, the sanctuary was extended from the base of the podium across the valley. The chapel was adorned with a paved pool and a large stone throne carved of a single block of granite in the Egyptian style; it is flanked by two sphinx figures and surrounded by two lion sculptures. The throne, attributed to the Sidonian goddess Astarte, rests against the chapel wall, which is embellished by relief sculptures of hunting scenes. The once important Astarte basin lost its function during the 2nd century AD and was filled with earth and statue fragments. The west base contains another 4th century BC chapel—centered on a bull protome topped capital—that remains preserved at the National Museum of Beirut.</p><br>
<p>Widely known as the "Tribune of Eshmun" because of its shape, the altar of Eshmun is a white marble structure dating to the 4th century BC. It is 2.15 m long by 2.26 m wide and 2.17 m tall. The altar is adorned with Hellenistic style relief sculptures and is framed by decorative moldings, including two charioteers surrounding the Greek god Apollo, who is depicted playing a cithara (a type of lyre). The lower register honors Dionysus, who leads his thiasos (his ecstatic revenue) in a dance to the music of pipe and cithara players.</p><br>
<p>Northeast of the site, another 3rd century BC temple stands adjacent to the Astarte chapel. Its 22 mfaçade is built with large limestone blocks and displays a two-register relief decoration illustrating a drunken revelry in honor of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine. Among the temple reliefs, one shows a man attempting to seize a large rooster which was the common sacrificial animal for Eshmun-Asclepius.</p><br>
<p>The Eshmun Temple complex comprises an elaborate hydraulic installation channeling water from "Ydll" spring that is made up of an intricate system of water canals, a series of retaining basins, sacred ablution basins and paved pools. This system demonstrates the importance of ritual ablutions in Phoenician therapeutic cults.</p><br>
<p>Later vestiges date from the Roman epoch and include a colonnaded road lined with shops. Of the large marble columns bordering the Roman street only fragments and bases remain. The Romans also built a monumental staircase adorned with mosaic patterns that leads to the top of the podium. To the right of the Roman road, near the entrance of the site stands a nymphaeum with niches where statues of the nymphs once stood. The floor of the nymphaeum is covered by a mosaic depicting the Maenads. Across the colonnaded road, facing the nymphaeum, are the ruins of a Roman villa; only the villa&#39;s courtyard has survived along with the remains of a mosaic depicting the four seasons. To the right of the processional Roman staircase stands a cubic altar, also of Roman construction. Other Roman period structures include two columns of a great portico leading to pools and other cultic installations.</p><br>
<h2>Function</h2><br>
<p>Eshmuns cult enjoyed a particular importance at Sidon as he was the chief deity after 500 BC. Aside from the extramural sanctuary at Bustan el-Sheikh, Eshmun also had a temple within the city. The extramural Eshmun Temple was associated with purification and healing; ritual lustral ablutions were performed in the sanctuarys sacred basins supplemented by running water from the Asclepius River and the "Ydll" spring water which was considered to have a sacred character and therapeutic quality.</p><br>
<p>The healing attributions of Eshmun were combined with his divine consort Astarte&#39;s fertilizing powers; the latter had an annex chapel with a sacred paved pool within the Eshmun sanctuary. There is evidence that from the 3rd century BC onwards there have been attempts to Hellenize the cult of Eshmun and to associate him with his Greek counterpart Asclepius, but the sanctuary retained its curative function.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts and finds</h2><br>
<p>Apart from the large decorative elements, carved friezes and mosaics which were left in situ, many artifacts were recovered and moved from the Eshmun Temple to the national museum, the Louvre or are in possession of the Lebanese directorate general of antiquities. Some of these smaller finds include a collection of inscribed ostraca unearthed by Dunand providing rare examples of cursive Phoenician writing in the Phoenician mainland. One of the recovered ostracon bears the theophoric Phoenician name "grtnt" which suggests that veneration of the lunar-goddess Tanit occurred in Sidon.</p><br>
<p>A number of fragmented votive life-size sculptures of little children lying on their side and holding a pet animal or a small object were also recovered at the temple site; among the best known of these is a sculpture of a royal child holding a dove with his right hand; the boy&#39;s head is shaved, his torso is bare and his lower body is wrapped in a large cloth. The socle of this sculpture is inscribed with a dedication from Baalshillem, the son of a Sidonian king to Eshmun, which illustrates the importance of the site to the Sidonian monarchy. These votive sculptures appear to have been purposely broken after dedication to Eshmun and then ceremoniously cast into the sacred canal, probably simulating the sacrifice of the sick child. All of these sculptures represent boys. A31.5 x limestone bust of a Kouros dating from the 6th century BC was found at the site, but unlike the archaic Greek kouroi this figure is not bare.</p><br>
<p>Among the notable finds is a golden plaque showing a snake curling on a staff, a Hellenic symbol of Eshmun.</p><br>
<p>The repute of the sanctuary was far reaching. Cypriot pilgrims from Paphos left marks of their devotion for Astarte on a marble stele inscribed both in Greek and Cypriot syllabary at Astarte&#39;s shrine; this stele is now in the custody of the Lebanese directorate general of antiquities.</p><br>
<h2>Pillaging</h2><br>
<p>Treasure hunters have sought out the Eshmun Temple since antiquity</p><br>
<p>During the civil war, upon a request from then Lebanese director general of antiquities Maurice Chehab, Maurice Dunand moved more than 2000 artifacts from Sidon to a subterranean chamber at the Byblos crusader castle, 30 km north of Beirut. In 1981, the depot was looted and around 600 sculptures and architectural elements were stolen and smuggled out of Lebanon. Rolf Stucky, ex-director of the Institute of Classical Archeology of Basel affirmed during a conference in Beirut in December 2009 the successful identification and return of eight sculptures to the Lebanese national museum.</p><br>
<p>Sycamore Dale  is a 19th-century Greek Revival plantation house overlooking the South Branch Potomac River southwest of Romney, West Virginia. Sycamore Dale is one of several historic estates along South Branch River Road . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Sycamore Dale was constructed for David Gibson between 1836 and 1839 with the use of slave labor. The slaves involved with Sycamore Dale&#39;s construction numbered over 100.</p><br>
<h3>American Civil War</h3><br>
<h4>General Lew Wallace</h4><br>
<p>Due to its location adjacent to the Romney Covered Bridge which carried the Northwestern Turnpike across the South Branch Potomac River, Sycamore Dales vicinity was a strategic location for forces attempting to take Romney during the American Civil War. When Union Army forces first moved on Romney on June 11, 1861, there was resistance by Confederate States Army forces to their crossing of the covered bridge. The resistance consisted of Confederate sharpshooters who had commandeered Sycamore Dale and were using it as a "sharpshooters nest." The Union forces, commanded by General Lew Wallace (later Governor of New Mexico Territory, United States Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, and author of best-seller historical fiction novels such as Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ), advanced across the bridge and succeeded in dislodging the Confederates. Following the skirmish, General Wallace gave orders for Sycamore Dale to be burnt before proceeding up Town Hill into Romney. Upon his return later in the day, General Wallace found the house unscathed and, after heated inquiry, found that his captain had been dissuaded from the act of arson by the owner, David Gibson. After listening to Gibson&#39;s plea himself, General Wallace relented and, it is said, briefly used the house as his headquarters. General Wallace wrote part of Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ during his stay at Sycamore Dale.</p><br>
<h4>McNeill's Rangers surrender</h4><br>
<p>Another significant event of the American Civil War to occur at Sycamore Dale was the surrender of the McNeills Rangers. McNeills Rangers was an independent irregular Confederate military company commissioned under the Partisan Ranger Act by the Congress of the Confederate States on April 12, 1862. After the Acts repeal on February 17, 1864, McNeills Rangers was one of two partisan companies allowed to continue operation, the other being Mosbys Raiders. The Rangers numbered no more than 60 to 70. cite that while Romney was last held by Confederate Army forces on April 15, local tradition states that McNeills Rangers surrendered at Sycamore Dale on May 8. Led by Jesse McNeill, the 36 Rangers threw their weapons into a pile on Sycamore Dale&#39;s lawn and then the Union officers reluctantly agreed to release the Rangers. This surrender was one of the final actions of the American Civil War in West Virginia.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>Sycamore Dales brickwork is laid in a Flemish bond arrangement. The bricks used in its construction were fired in the homes vicinity. Its lumber was also milled nearby. Sycamore Dale is graced with two end chimneys and a medium gable roof of tin. The front of the house is symmetrically divided into five bays centered on a large two-story, one bay wide portico. This two-story portico is supported by eight Tuscan columns and is surmounted on the second level with a Greek Revival style pediment with plain entablature. Both the first and second levels of its portico have Greek Revival entrance doors, both of which are flanked by triple-paned sidelights and surmounted by multi-paned transoms. There is a wrought iron balustrade on both levels of the portico, and stone steps leading to the first level of the portico. The five bay front elevation, which is 52 feet in width, has six over six sash windows, one on each level of each bay, surmounted by paneled wood lintels and flanked by white wooden shutters. The length of the homes ell is 87 feet. A one-story porch measuring 65 feet runs along the outer ell. A two-story, enclosed porch at the homes rear was an early 20th-century addition and has been removed by the present owners. There were once extensive slave quarters on the grounds of Sycamore Dale&#39;s estate which are no longer extant.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Sycamore Dales original hand-carved interior woodwork has been preserved. Many of the homes doors are also hand-carved. As a testament to Sycamore Dales role in the American Civil War, several bullet holes remain in the homes woodwork. The two end chimneys service Sycamore Dale&#39;s four large fireplaces. The home is also filled with period furnishings, most of which are Antebellum or Victorian in origin.</p><br>
<p>Market Square is a pedestrian mall located in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. Established in 1854 as a market place for regional farmers, the square has developed over the decades into a multipurpose venue that accommodates events ranging from concerts to political rallies, and has long provided a popular gathering place for artists, street musicians, war veterans, and activists. Along with the Market House, Market Square was home to Knoxville&#39;s City Hall from 1868 to 1924. Market Square was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Land for the market place was given to the city by William G. Swan and Joseph A. Mabry. Farmers from the surrounding area would bring their wagons to the Market House, where they sold their produce and wares. During the Civil War, the Union Army used the Market House as a barracks and magazine. Knoxvilles post-Civil War population boom brought about continued development in Market Square, most notably the construction of Peter Kerns confections store (now The Oliver Hotel) in 1875 and Max Arnstein&#39;s seven-story department store in 1906. After the Market House damaged by fire in 1960, the remainder of the building was demolished, and Market Square was converted into a pedestrian mall.</p><br>
<p>A local newspaper once dubbed Market Square, "the most democratic place on earth," where "the rich and the poor, the white and the black, jostle each other in perfect equality." The Square has been mentioned in the works of James Agee, Cormac McCarthy, David Madden, Ken Mink and Richard Yancey, and has hosted performers ranging from Duke Ellington to Steve Winwood. Politicians and activists who have delivered speeches at the Square include Frances Willard, Booker T. Washington, William Jennings Bryan, Edward Ward Carmack, and Ronald Reagan.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Market Square is located at the center of Knoxvilles downtown business district. It consists of an open area covering just over 1 acre, with storefronts on the east and west sides. The Square is bounded by Union Avenue on the south and Wall Avenue on the north. Two narrow alleys divide the backs of the Squares stores from the backs of buildings lining Gay Street to the east and Walnut Street to the west. Krutch Park lies opposite Union Avenue to the southeast, and the TVA Towers overlook the Square from the north.</p><br>
<p>Market Square is one of only two locations in Knoxville where the street addresses still follow the city&#39;s pre-1890 numbering format, the other being Emory Place north of downtown. Under this format, the street addresses are numbered starting at "1," as opposed to the newer system in use elsewhere in the city, which uses 3, 4, and 5-digit street addresses.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early years</h3><br>
<p>Knoxvilles first market house, built in 1816, was located on Main Street, but was torn down in 1823. Over the next thirty years, farmers simply sold produce out of their wagons, usually parked along Prince (now Market Street) or Gay. In 1853, William G. Swan and Joseph A. Mabry, who had been speculating in land around Knoxville, purchased an 11 acre tract of pastureland from physician John Fouche that lay north of Union Avenue. Hoping to boost the lands value, they donated a small part of this tract&mdash; the present Market Square&mdash; to the city for the construction of a market house. The deed stipulated that the land must be used for this purpose, or ownership would revert to Swan and Mabry, or their heirs.</p><br>
<p>The original Market House was designed by the architectural firm Newman & Maxwell, and opened in January 1854. As many farmers preferred to sell produce from their wagons rather than pay the three dollars per month stall rental fee, the Market House saw scant use in its early years, even after Knoxville banned curb-side selling. A few shops sprang up on the Square, however, among them Albert Hudiburgs grocery, Patrick Traceys saloon, a lumberyard run by John Jones, and Peter Knott&#39;s "bowling saloon."</p><br>
<p>By 1861, Market Square had become significant enough to be a designated polling station for the Ordinance of Secession vote that took place on June 8 of that year. In late 1863, when the Union Army occupied Knoxville, the Market House was converted into a barracks and ammunition magazine. Much of the stall furniture was tossed outside and ruined by the elements, and the Square&#39;s shopkeepers continuously voiced their fears about the large amounts of volatile gunpowder being stored in the Market House. For decades after the war, Confederate and Union veterans societies met regularly in buildings on Market Square.</p><br>
<h3>Knoxville's boom period</h3><br>
<p>In 1868, Knoxville built its first permanent City Hall&mdash; a two-story building with a belltower&mdash; at the north end of Market Square. The following year, the Market House was expanded northward by about 90 ft, leaving just a short gap between it and City Hall that acted as a weighing station. During the same period, German immigrant and Confederate veteran Peter Kern opened his "ice cream saloon" at the southwest corner of the Square. Kern completed the building now known as The Oliver Hotel in 1875, with the first floor serving as a retail confectionery, the second story as an elegant ice cream shop, and the third floor providing a meeting place for the Odd Fellows.</p><br>
<p>By 1876, businesses on Market Square included a millinery, a physician, a pharmacist, a dressmaker, a jeweler, and a boarding house. Within a few years, Fentons Monumental Marble Works was operating out of a shop on the Square, carving sculptures such as those found at Old Gray Cemetery. Saloons, such as Michael Cullinans, the Jersey Lily, and Houser & Mournans, maintained a continued presence, although the Womens Christian Temperance Union was active on the Square by the 1880s. The Knoxville Chronicle (later the Knoxville Journal) relocated its office to Market Square in the 1870s, and it was here that publisher Adolph Ochs began his career in the newspaper industry.</p><br>
<p>Sausage maker Adolph Ziegler and his partners Ignaz Fanz and Anton Metler began selling sausages out of the Ziegler Building in the 1880s, and two companies&mdash; Baums and H. T. Hackney&mdash; began as storefronts on Market Square during the same decade. In 1897, the city built a larger Market House that included a second-story auditorium and was adjoined to the City Hall building. Market Square reached its height in 1906 when Max Arnstein built his seven-story department store overlooking the Squares southwest corner.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and revitalization</h3><br>
<p>In 1907, a citywide ordinance banning alcohol was passed, and Market Squares saloons were forced to close. With the arrival of streetcar suburbs to the north, west, south, and east of the downtown area, residents began to move away. In 1925, Kerns business was sold to investors who reorganized the company with a focus on bread making, and the Kern Building on Market Square became Coleman&#39;s drugstore. That same year, Knoxville moved its City Hall to the empty Deaf and Dumb Asylum a few blocks away. In 1927, Max Arnstein retired, and his department store closed.</p><br>
<p>In spite of these setbacks, new businesses continued moving to the Square. A local grocery store chain, the White Stores, opened a store on the Square in 1927, and regional grocer Cas Walker opened one of his cash stores on the Square in the early 1940s. Movie theaters also began appearing on the Square, most notably the Rialto in the late 1920s and the Crystal in the 1930s. During the same period, Greek immigrant John Demetrius Cavalaris opened the Golden Sun, beginning a multi-generational presence on the Square.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, Knoxville mayor George Dempster spearheaded an effort to tear down Market Hall as part of the citys efforts to revitalize its downtown area. In spite of a campaign by preservationists to save the building, which included speeches by poet Carl Sandburg and conservationist Harvey Broome, the city voted to remove Market Hall in November 1959 (the buildings fate was further sealed when it partially burned a month later). Market Hall was replaced by the Market Square Mall, an open-air market that consisted of a series of white "toadstool"-shaped canopies. The mall received a boost with the completion of the TVA Towers at the north end of the Square in 1976, and the construction of Krutch Park in 1981. In 1986, at the urging of historical preservationists, the white canopies were removed, and the Market Square Mall was renamed "Market Square."</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Musicians have been a staple of Market Square since at least the late 1860s, when Peter Kern employed brass bands for various festivities. In the 1880s, "Dr. Lighthalls Mexican Band" first appeared on the Square, and Tennessee politician and fiddler Robert Love Taylor began performing with the "Market Hall Fiddlers." Promoter Frank Murphy held fiddle contests in Market Hall in the 1920s which drew the likes of Charlie Bowman, Earl Johnson, and the Tennessee Ramblers, and during same decade the St. James Hotel (at the northeast end of the Square) hosted the studios of WNOX. By the 1980s, diverse styles such as bluegrass, jazz, folk, and punk were being played in Market Squares clubs. The Sundown in the City concert series, established by AC Entertainment in 1997, regularly drew crowds of 10,000 or more before its conclusion after the 2011 season.</p><br>
<p>In his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1957 novel, A Death in the Family, James Agee recalled going into a noisy Market Square bar with his father while they walked through downtown Knoxville in 1915. In a later scene, he mentioned his preference for the Market Square store Harbisons, which his mother considered "vulgar," preferring instead Millers on Gay Street.</p><br>
<p>Cormac McCarthy gives vivid descriptions of Market Square in both his 1965 novel, The Orchard Keeper, and his 1979 novel, Suttree, both of which are set in Knoxville and its vicinity. In the first, one of the characters walks to Market Square, where he witnesses a street preacher "screaming incoherently and brandishing a tattered Bible," before traversing the market house and eventually buying traps at a hardware store. In Suttree, the title character sells his fish to a Market Square fish vendor, passing along the way "derelict trucks," "pariahs," "blind singers," "organists," "psalmists," "beggars," and "wild street preachers." In a later scene, the character Gene Harrogate peers into the Golden Sun Cafe while on a stroll through the downtown area.</p><br>
<p>Other books that mention Market Square include Anne Armstrongs 1915 novel, The Seas of God (which is set in a fictional town based on Knoxville), Joseph Wood Krutchs 1962 autobiography, More Lives Than One, and David Maddens 1974 novel, Bijou (also set in a fictional town based on Knoxville). More recently, the Square figures in Richard Mariuss An Affair of Honor (2001), Ken Minks "Knoxville: A City Born in Blood and Flames," featuring Civil War era action involving the citys richest family, the Armstrongs, and the use of their homes as military headquarters and later as a hospital for wounded soldiers, and Richard Yancey&#39;s The Highly Effective Detective (2006).</p><br>
<p>Political groups have been active at Market Square since at least 1876, when politician William F. Yardley spoke before a gathering of Radical Republicans. Temperance activists were among the most vocal in the early 1900s, when temperance leaders such as William Jennings Bryan, Edward Ward Carmack, and Frances Willard gave speeches at Market Hall. Womens suffragist Lizzie Crozier French was active on Market Square as early as the 1880s, and today is depicted in the Squares Women&#39;s Suffrage Memorial. Socialist politician Harry McKee spoke at the Square in 1904, and Booker T. Washington delivered a speech on civil rights at the Square in 1909. In 1980, Republican presidential candidate Ronald Reagan spoke before an audience of 6,000 at Market Square. Democratic candidate Walter Mondale spoke at the Square in 1984, but managed to draw just a few hundred.</p><br>
<h2>Market Square today</h2><br>
<p>Market Square is currently used year-round as a venue for special outdoor events, including a seasonal farmers market, an annual open-air presentation of Shakespeare plays, and community band concerts. The bell from the old market house is displayed at the Union Avenue end of Market Square. Nearby is the Womens Suffrage Memorial, a statue created by sculptor Alan LeQuire to commemorate Tennessees role in achieving Womens suffrage in the United States. An open-air ice skating rink is created in the square every winter.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The square was listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Market Square Commercial Historic District on December 20, 1984. Buildings surrounding the square illustrate 19th- and 20th-century commercial architecture. Most once housed commercial uses on the ground level and residences in upper floors. The historic district includes twenty contributing buildings, seventeen of which are located on the Square, and three of which are located along Union or Wall avenues. Several historic buildings were listed as "non-contributing" in the 1984 listing due to mid-20th century modifications, but have since been restored.</p><br>
<p>Buildings of interest in the district include:</p><br>
<p>The Oliver Hotel (1 Market Square) is an Italianate building erected in 1875 and designed by Joseph Baumann. It once housed Kerns confectionery and ice cream parlor, owned by Peter Kern. A German immigrant who served in the Confederate Army, Kern was trapped in Knoxville and protected by a local baker when the Union Army blocked routes out of the city. Kern entered a business partnership with the baker and eventually took over the business. The ground floor of the building at 1 Market Square housed his shop, where he sold bread, candy, ice cream, cake and other confections, and an upper floor housed a ballroom where a French dancing master gave lessons. Kern was elected mayor of Knoxville in 1890. In 1982, the top two floors were converted into a hotel, the Blakely House, for visitors to the citys World&#39;s Fair. This hotel became the Hotel St. Oliver in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The Ziegler Building (9 Market Square) is a three-story Neoclassical building constructed around 1880. The building has a pressed metal cornice, decorative pilasters, and a raised parapet wall. Sausage-maker Adolph Ziegler and his associates, Ignaz Fanz and Anton Metler, sold sausage and pork out of the building in the 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>26 Market Square, a vernacular commercial structure built about 1880, housed the A.L. Young Dry Goods Store from 1880 until 1900. Other dry goods merchants occupied the building until 1950.</p><br>
<p>36 Market Square, built about 1882, is a vernacular commercial that housed a succession of dry goods stores from 1885 until the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>37 Market Square, known as the J.F. Horne Building, is a Victorian vernacular commercial building built around 1870. It housed tobacco and liquor sellers J.F. Horne & Brothers from 1876 until 1905, when it became a restaurant and confectioners shop. The Gold Sun Café was located there from 1920 until at least 1965.</p><br>
<p>The Arnstein Building (corner of Union and Market), completed in 1906, was designed by New York architectural firm Cleverdon & Putzel, and was Knoxvilles tallest building at the time of its completion. The seven-story building features Neoclassical detailing and limestone quoins. The building housed Max Arnsteins department store until 1927, and in the 1930s it served as office space for the newly created Tennessee Valley Authority. Whittle Communications operated out of the Arnstein Building during the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Round About Hills or Peacefields is a historic slave plantation home located at Glenwood, Howard County, Maryland. An alternate address for this house is 14581 McClintock Drive, Glenwood, Maryland. It was built about 1773 on a 266-acre land patent and consists of a -story frame house with a stone end. Thomas Beale Dorsey inherited the property in 1794 then exchanged his interest in the plantation with Thomas Cook&#39;s stagecoach wayside town Cooksville.</p><br>
<p>The main block is three bays wide by one bay deep, with a gambrel roof and 1-story hip-roofed porch. It features a long screened porch with exposed rafter tails and an 1820 stone kitchen addition. Also on the property is a stone slave quarters outbuilding and a small frame outbuilding.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Fripp-Fishburne House is a historic building in Walterboro, South Carolina, United States . Built in 1889, it has been renovated several times and currently serves as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The house is located at, in the Walterboro historic district, which is about an hour drive from either Charleston, South Carolina or Savannah, Georgia.</p><br>
<p>The house was originally a one-story home built by Lewis Fripp in 1889. A second story was added in the early 1900s. The Fishburne family next owned the house for over half a century. In 1962, Dr. John Hiott purchased the house and renovated it. The next owners were Dr. Dan Yarbrough (1994–1999) and Dr. Roberto Refinetti (1999- ).</p><br>
<p>The front porch, with its four Ionic columns is typical of southern plantation homes. The house has approximately 5,000 ft&sup2; of living space in two stories and a finished attic that serves as a third floor. Its grandiose façade, subtly concealed by century-old oak trees naturally decorated with hanging Spanish moss, provides it with the distinction of being the most photographed house in town. Photographs of the Fripp-Fishburne house have appeared in numerous tourist brochures, newspapers, books, magazines, and travel guides.</p><br>
<p>Jaizkibel is mountain range of the Basque Country located east of Pasaia, north of Lezo and west of Hondarribia, in Spain, with 547 m at the highest point . The range stretches south-west to north-east, where it plunges into the sea at the Cape Higuer . To the north-west, the mountain dips its slopes in the sea with beautiful cliffs all along, overlooking on the east the marshes of Txingudi, the river Bidasoa and its mouth  as well as the towns of Irun, Hendaia and Hondarribia on the river banks. The nearest relevant mountains are La Rhune, Aiako Harria and Ulia closing the view east to west from the south. Some people consider Jaizkibel to be the first westernmost mountain of the Pyrenees.</p><br>
<p>The area is a relevant landmark on the grounds of its strategic position close to the border with France, with the range standing as the easternmost Spanish rise by the seaside and affording an unmatched view miles away, both over the sea and inland. As a result, the military has always showed an interest in the place since the 16th century when the Spanish-French border started to be drafted, taking to building defence facilities, such as the towers dotting the ridge (dating from the Carlist Wars) or the Fortress of Guadalupe going back to 1890, nowadays out of use. The northern slopes have borne witness to frequent military manoeuvres from the decade of the 50s through the early 90s, when the road to the booster station was sometimes cut off to avoid disruption and damage.</p><br>
<h2>Access points</h2><br>
<p>The mountain can be approached by motor vehicle, on foot and mountain bike. A local road (Gi-3440) winds up from Lezo, running next along the backbone of the mountain range till it snakes down towards Hondarribia at the north-eastern end of the ridge. On the south-eastern side of the mountain a dust track cuts across the steep slope sideways.</p><br>
<p>The area, besides playing host to motor vehicle visitors, especially on Sunday, attracts many hikers, who find numerous paths have been signalled with GR and PR marks, with the main path (GR-121, stage of the walking Tour of Gipuzkoa) setting out in Pasaia and rising till it gets to the spine of the mountain range past the conspicuous 19th century towers. After gaining the final slopes by the booster station at the very top, the path heads north-east down green meadows, reaching a viewpoint and a small tower next. The descent continues till getting to the revered hermitage site and picnic area of Guadalupe, and on to Hondarribia. The whole stretch is 17.9 km long, some 5 hours walk. A demanding route to the top sets out from the Santo Cristo of Lezo, with the path ascending steadily across the southern side of the range roughly eastbound till it gets to the ridge and joins the GR-121 near one of the towers dotting the outline of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The long route GR 11 cutting its way through the southern side of the Pyrenees to the Mediterranean departs from the Cape Higuer at the north-eastern tip of the mountain range, with the first kilometres running by the seashore into Hondarribia.</p><br>
<h2>Issues</h2><br>
<p>In 2008 a controversial project is in the pipeline to build a large port outside the bay of Pasaia with a view to accommodating a bigger naval traffic and in turn encouraging the development of Pasaias urban area within the framework of the wider scheme Jaizkibia, according to officials. The port would be located at the site of Jaizkibels outer cliffs in an area of special natural interest in many respects. This has come up against fierce opposition of many local environmentalist groups and agencies, who try hard to prevent the scheme from being carried out.</p><br>
<h2>Cycling</h2><br>
<p>The Jaizikbel is often a decisive climb in the Clásica San Sebastián. Nowadays the hill is climbed twice in the race and during the last passage a small group of riders remains at the front of the race and are able to win the Clásica San Sebastián. The Jaizkibel is followed by the Alto de Arkale climb with the top only fourteen kilometers from the finish in San Sebastián.</p><br>
<p>Before the 2010 race, the Jaizkibel was climbed only once in the race, but the organisation of the race wanted a harder final because each year a larger group sprinted for the victory. To make the final more selective the organisation changed the parcours so that the Jaizkibel and Arkale needed to be climbed twice in the final.</p><br>
<p>Scanlon Farm  is a late 19th-century loghouse and farm overlooking Three Churches Run east of the unincorporated community of Three Churches, West Virginia. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 3, 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The farm&#39;s main structure is the Scanlon Log House, a two-story log structure built around 1840 by the Larimore family and acquired by the</p><br>
<p>Scanlon family in the 1860s. It is a folk house of the Midland tradition, in the early German settlement era pattern. The house is one room deep and linear in design with external chimneys on both gable ends of the house. The logs in its construction are squared, hand-hewn, and laid horizontally, notched on the ends, and with narrow chinking. (Chinking refers to the mortar between the logs). There are vertical end logs that serve to anchor the structure&#39;s four corners. The two massive stone chimneys are original to the house, although the east side has been partially rebuilt. The side-gable roof is moderately pitched and is composed of slate. The Scanlon Log House was constructed in two sections: the east side being the original section built by the Larimore family and the western half was added around 1865 by Thomas Scanlon shortly after the Scanlon family acquired the property. To the rear of the house and slightly to the west stands the remains of a large stone chimney. This chimney (circa 1840) served the detached kitchen which itself disappeared in the 19th-century.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior of the Scanlon Log House consists of a "two rooms over two rooms" arrangement with a narrow winding staircase connecting the two floors. The two bedrooms on the second floor are slightly smaller than their corresponding rooms on the first floor, with a small connecting room. Overhead beams are exposed on the interior, and the interior walls are composed of unadorned vertical wood siding. A wooden mantelpiece graces the end of the first floor parlor. Much of the furnishings on the interior are original Scanlon family pieces.</p><br>
<h3>Contributing structures</h3><br>
<p>To the rear of the Scanlon Log House are two adjacent outbuildings, both dating from the 19th-century. One is a one-story wood frame, gable roof smoke house with wide vertical siding. Next to it is a slightly smaller gable roof wood outbuilding that serves as a privy. The privy is characterized by whitewashed vertical narrow boards and some slightly decorative woodwork over the door and along the roof line on the exterior. Also on the Scanlon Farm is the two-story gable roof wood sided barn constructed in the 19th-century.</p><br>
<p>In the town of Lorain, Ohio, located just west of Cleveland, the 1,720-seat Lorain Palace Theatre first opened in 1928. It was the first motion picture theater in Ohio to show a talking motion picture. The opening night film, and first talky played in Ohio was a pre-release of Paramount’s "Something Always Happens" starring Neil Hamilton and Esther Ralston. Today it serves as a community Civic Center, movie theatre, meeting place and entertainment facility. The crystal chandelier, Wurlitzer pipe organ , and two spacious loges are just some of the features which made this building worthy of being preserved.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The theatre was built as part of an initiative to rebuild downtown Lorain, following a devastating tornado destroyed most of the 44,000 inhabitant town&#39;s urban center. It still has its original Wurlitzer theatre organ and was popular well into the 1960s. When it was completed, it was the largest one floor motion picture theare in Ohio. Popularity of the theatre diminished following the construction of the nearby mall in the mid-1960s. Several other theatres and shops in the area closed their doors at this time.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>Restoration of the theatre began in 1977 and so far the non-profit organization operating the location has raised an excess of $6 million towards the cost of its restoration and renovation. Twenty-five thousand dollars was tendered as a down payment toward the purchase of the $100,000 building. A capital funds campaign was launched and in May 1977 the Palace Theater building was purchased and a grand opening was held. The Palace had been using the same carbon arc projectors since 1935. The light on the screen was created when 80 amps of electricity jumped between two large pencil-sized carbon rods. The carbon arc generated enough illumination to project the movie onto the screen 180 ft away. Recently the theatre moved those projectors into the lobby and installed a new theatre system including a new platter projector, a digital projector, and a 16-speaker theatre surround sound system.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 a plan was made to connect the Lorain Palace Theatre with the adjacent Eagles Building via a glass arcade. The project would partly be funded by a $200,000 grant from the city of Lorain, most of which would be required to purchase the Eagles Building while the rest would go to construction costs to the facade and marquee of the theatre. However, an additional $7.5 million would be needed to complete the project, which includes renovating the interior and exterior of the 37,000 ft&sup2; Eagles building, as well as a section of the theater and the construction of the arcade.</p><br>
<h2>Lorain Palace today</h2><br>
<p>The Palace Theatre in Lorain continues to have funding issues but has thus far managed to hit fund-raising goals to keep its doors open. In October 2008, the theatre held a masquerade ball which helped bring in an additional $6,000. The theatre has also made several budget cuts and for now is managing to keep itself going with the aid of donations and other fund-raising efforts.</p><br>
<p>The Khoit Tsenkher Cave Rock Paintings are found in Mankhan Sum, Khovd Province, Mongolia.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>Originating in the Paleolithic period, the rock art found in Khoit Tsenkher Cave includes symbols and animal forms painted from the walls up to the ceiling. Stags, buffalo, oxen, ibex, lions, Argali sheep, antelopes, camels, elephants, ostriches, and other animal pictorials are present, often forming a palimpsest of overlapping images. The paintings appear brown or red in color, and are stylistically similar to other Paleolithic rock art from around the world but are unlike any other examples in Mongolia.</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage Status</h2><br>
<p>This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on August 1, 1996 in the Cultural category.</p><br>
<p>The King Edward River is a river in the Kimberley of Western Australia.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the river rise below Poonjurra Hill and flows in a northerly direction almost parallel with the Kalumburu Road and eventually discharges into Deep Bay then Napier Broome Bay and finally the Indian Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The river has seven tributaries including; Carson River, Drum Creek, Noolawayoo Creek, Coondillah Creek and Hair Creek.</p><br>
<p>The river contains several permanent pools, where examples of Indigenous Australian art known as Bradshaw paintings can be found along the cliff faces.</p><br>
<p>The river was named in 1901 by the surveyor Frederick Brockman while on expedition in the area. The river is named after King Edward VII, the reigning monarch at the time.</p><br>
<p>The traditional owners of the areas around the river are the Miwa, Wunambal and Kambure peoples.</p><br>
<p>Varnous or Varnoundas  is a mountain in northern Florina regional unit, Greece, situated between the town of Florina and Lake Prespa, and just south of the border with the Republic of Macedonia. Its highest peak, named Gkarvani, is 2,334 m. It is part of the same massif that continues northwards into the Baba mountains with Mount Pelister  as its highest peak.</p><br>
<p>Other mountaintops includes Belavoda (Μπελαβόδα) at 2,179 m, Kirko (Κίρκο) at 2,155 m, Kotsyfa or Potistres (Κότσυφα or Ποτίστρες) at 2,065 m and more.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>The E6 European long distance path passes over the Varnous mountain, leading through Agios Germanos and Vigla Pisoderiou.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is largely forested with spruce, it has an upper alpine vegetation in the highest points of the mountain. It features large animals including bears, wolves, roebucks, wild boars and wild goats. The western part of the mountain is part of Prespa Park.</p><br>
<p>The Mary Van Duzer-Sayer House is the main residence of a 154 acre former farm on Taylor Road near the hamlet of Mountainville in the Town of Cornwall, New York, United States. It is a stone Federal style house built in 1832.</p><br>
<p>Mary Van Duzer was the granddaughter of Isaac Van Duzer, one of Cornwalls early settlers and landowners. The farm she built with her husband was the southern tip of her grandfathers original landholdings. It remained in her family until 1903. In 1996 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>There are two contributing resources to the NRHP listing: the house and a neighboring root cellar built into the slope behind it. Both are located at the front of the property, which extends to the Metro-North Port Jervis Line tracks to the rear traversing Schunemunk Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The house is two stories high and five bays wide. It is faced in coursed fieldstone, quoined at the corners with larger stones. A cornice runs around the entire gabled roof, shingled in wood with a brick chimney at the north. The windows have brownstone sills and lintels in front and brick surrounds on the north elevation, consistent with a brick addition on that side. On the south is a flat-roofed porch supported by five wooden columns, running the entire length of that side.</p><br>
<p>A portico, with ten square wood columns, Tuscan capitals, a pent roof and slate-tiled floor shelters the main entrance. Above the central window on the second story is a small stone with "1832" engraved into it.</p><br>
<p>The paneled wooden door leads into a center hall. Surrounding rooms have many intact original features and woodwork, including two Adamesque mantels supported by fluted pilasters. Upstairs, the bedrooms also contain much original finishing and trim.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before marrying William Sayer in 1831, Mary Van Duzer obtained the farm parcel from her father Henry. It was the southern end of her grandfather&#39;s original holdings, by then mostly subdivided and sold. The house was built the next year and the couple operated the farm and raised their family. The former did well enough that the Orange County Agricultural Society considered it a prize farm in 1841.</p><br>
<p>Sayer is listed as the property owner as late as 1859. In 1875, the owner was an A.J. Sayer, and then in 1903 Margaret Scott. It has remained a private residence throughout its existence.</p><br>
<p>The Uptown Theater in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, also known as Uptown Theater and Office Building, is an Art Deco building built in 1927. It was designed by the Philadelphia based architectural firm of Magaziner, Eberhard & Harris. The Uptown Theater is located on 2240 N. Broad Street. It became a major venue on the chitlin circuit, from 1951-1978. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>It briefly reopened as a church in the 1980s until water damage occurred and caused it to close in 1991. In 2001, the Uptown Entertainment and Development Corporation bought the building with plans for renovation.</p><br>
<h2>Beginnings</h2><br>
<p>Opened on February 16, 1929, the 2,040 seat, 50,000 square foot Uptown Theater was built for sound, specifically the new talkies of the time, made by Warner Brothers. Designed by Louis Magaziner, it featured a lavish interior, with four floors of office space above. The interior consisted of stained glass, high ceilings, and terracotta. As the industrial age peaked in America, North Philadelphia became a working man&#39;s town. A large influx of European immigrants moved to the northern part of the city, and moved into the newly developed rowhomes.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the new immigrants, North Philadelphia also became the home to many fashionable mansions of the upper and upper-middle class. Executives from nearby factories lived in Victorian brownstones some with turrets and mansard roofs which lined the streets of North Philly. Along Broad Street were the grand mansions of many famed industrialists. Lower North Philadelphia in particular housed a number the nouveau riche; ambitious first or second generation immigrants or that had made their fortunes starting manufacturing firms.</p><br>
<p>The theater was originally built for the nouveau riche of the area. Unknowingly, it opened up on the eve of the Great Depression, which in turn had a great effect on the neighborhood. Over the next few decades The Great Depression, outsourcing, and white flight took their toll on North Philadelphia in a fashion similar to other major US cities of the mid to late 20th century, if not in a more pronounced fashion. While some small areas had long housed primarily African-American residents, redlining, racist loan companies, and rising unemployment led white residents out of the city, and forced blacks in. Black doctors, lawyers, politicians and preachers took over the grand mansions along Diamond Street, while middle and lower class blacks moved into the rowhomes that were once predominately white.</p><br>
<h2>The Golden Years</h2><br>
<p>In 1951 the Uptown Theatre was bought by Sam Stiefel, who also owned Washingtons Howard Theatre and Baltimores Royal Theatre, and became part of the "chitlin circuit," hosting live music shows that were primarily rhythm and blues, soul, and gospel directed towards an African American audience. The performances at the Uptown Theater came to rival those at Harlem&#39;s Apollo Theater. In 1957, Georgie Woods of WDAS (AM) fame started to produce shows at the Uptown Theater. In 1960, Sid Booker became the manager of the theater, and remained so until 1979. In 1961, the venue was sold by Mrs. Bert Steifel to a large chain corporation, after managing it for only two months following the death of the Steifel brothers, who owned it for many years</p><br>
<h3>Performances</h3><br>
<p>Many different types of shows went on at the venue during its prime. Usually, each show consisted of multiple artists, usually ten to twelve acts, and they performed in order of popularity. There were several performances a day, and the show usually lasted for about ten days. The first show of the day started at 2pm. The midnight performances of the show cost $2.50, while the earlier shows cost $1.50, and the kiddie matinees cost 50 cents a person.</p><br>
<p>Also on Thursday nights, they used to have Temple University night, in which many white students would come in and watch performances. Often enough, many patrons of the theater would hide in places such as the bathroom to see additional shows in one day. The shows themselves were very competitive in nature, with each act trying to get the biggest rise out of the crowd. Performers and audience members alike dressed up when attending shows at the theater. Performers also tried to impress each other with wowing the crowd with the best dance moves as well. Artists were not often not booked for a lot of money. Georgie Woods was able to book the Supremes for $400 for a full 10-day run.</p><br>
<p>Not only did musicians perform at the Uptown Theater, but comedians often opened for the acts, such as Redd Foxx and Flip Wilson. The venue itself was unique in that it had its own house band. Bill Masse was band leader of the band until he died in 1961. In 1963 Sam Reed became leader of the house band, which was well known amongst artists in the chitlin circuit. According to the Philadelphia Inquirer, by 1971 the shows were grossing $250,000 a year. During the rest of the month when performers were not in town, movies usually played. There were also jazz shows where local and famous jazz performers took the stage. The shows were not characterized by the rowdy crowds that accompanied the shows promoted by Georgie Woods.</p><br>
<p>The Uptown Theater was also famous for its amateur nights in which local artists would compete for various prizes. Many artists got their start in the music industry due to these amateur nights. One such person that started their career at the Uptown Theater was Daryl Hall of Hall & Oates. Hall, who attended the nearby Temple University, won a talent show playing with his then group, the Temptones. This was before pairing up with Oates. The group, backed by the James Brown Band, won the contest thus getting Hall his first record deal.</p><br>
<h3>Civil Rights</h3><br>
<p>The theater was a hotbed for civil rights activism, especially in the form of music. Georgie Woods produced shows at the theater, called freedom shows, in which artists played to promote civil rights, and the money generated at these shows went to charities of Georgie Woods&#39; choice, regardless of creed, color or religion. In 1967, Georgie Woods staged a special show for wounded veterans from the Vietnam War that were from the Philadelphia area.</p><br>
<p>The theater also became an important landmark for civil rights in Philadelphia. Cecil Moore was a Philadelphia lawyer that was extremely involved in civil rights, and was a close friend of Georgie Woods, and was also involved in the freedom shows.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, Georgie Woods, Jackie Wilson, and Del Shields won awards at the Uptown Theater from the Philadelphia branch of the NAACP for being entertainers that were actively involved in civil rights. Also, the famous 1964 Philadelphia race riot happened blocks from the theater, and when it occurred Commissioner Howard Leary had Georgie Woods come talk to and calm down the crowd, which eventually dispersed as per his request. His influence on the community was so great, showed how important the Uptown Theater was for the residents of North Philadelphia.</p><br>
<h3>Neighborhood</h3><br>
<p>By the late 1950s, North Philadelphia was the epicenter of Philadelphia’s African-American community. It was a vibrant place populated by all classes. There were dozens of factories, numerous clubs along Columbia Avenue, shops and restaurants all over the place, and the Uptown—which evolved into a mecca for live music. Many family owned businesses around the theater became popular spots for the performers and audience members alike. Many of the performers would eat at Miss Pearl&#39;s house, which was located right behind the venue on Carlisle Street.</p><br>
<p>In addition to that, many of them got their hair done at Don&#39;s Doo Shop, which was and still owned by Don Williams, right around the corner on 15th Street and Susquehanna Avenue. Many of the artists stayed at the Ben Motor Inn on 22nd Street and Spring Garden. The neighborhood was often noted to be tight-knit, where many people living in the area worked in the nearby factories and knew each other by name. The area surrounding the theater was also unique in that it did not provide a lot of space for parking, so many people walked or took public transportation to the Uptown.</p><br>
<h2>Later Years and Decline</h2><br>
<p>Eventually, the riots and the manufacturing exodus of the 1960s occurred, and the gang wars of the 1970s. By 1978, the Uptown was too small for the major acts, in an area with high crime. In 1971, Sam Reed, who was leader of the house band in the 1960s stepped down. In December 1971, there were frequent concert gang fights that broke out. In 1972, Georgie Woods stopped producing shows at the Uptown Theater, mainly because of the drugs and violence in the surrounding neighborhood of the theater. In May 1972, shows stopped playing at all at the venue, and in 1978 the Uptown Theater ultimately closed.</p><br>
<p>Other reasons led to the decline of theaters similar to the venue. The music industry had changed significantly from when the theater was in its prime. Black artists were now able to cross over, and play in venues such as ones in Atlantic City and Las Vegas. Musicians that played there were able to perform at larger venues and make more profit. Georgie Woods also stated in an interview that the existence of booking agencies made it harder to book acts because they would ask for more money.</p><br>
<p>There was a point in time when black artists could only be heard if they went to Georgie Woods, but once music became integrated. Also, the decline of independent record stores disabled local artists from being able to promote their music. On the other hand, music became more integrated, so many radio stations only played a sampling of rhythm and blues, as opposed to stations that used to solely play rhythm and blues. Many artists started to cross over into pop, so they were less inclined to play at theaters such as the Uptown.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood also changed dramatically. Many of the businesses started to decline because they catered to the Uptown clientele and lost them once the theater closed.</p><br>
<p>The Uptown briefly reopened in the 1980s as a church. A church group held services there until a 1991 storm damaged the roof, allowing water to pucker the painted walls and corrode the gilded auditorium. After the congregation left, the only people who entered were thieves, crackheads and taggers More recently, members of the community gathered at the Uptown to mourn the death of Michael Jackson.</p><br>
<h2>Uptown Entertainment and Development Corporation (UEDC)</h2><br>
<p>The Uptown Entertainment and Development Corporation (UEDC) is a Community Development Corporation that was incorporated as a nonprofit in 1995. The mission is to stimulate the economy in blighted areas in Philadelphia by creating commercial enterprises, developing neighborhood revitalization projects and managing moderate and housing. The UEDC has identified the historic Uptown Theater as its first acquisition and revitalization project. In 2002, they became owners of the actual building. The development plans include renovating the theater into a technology center, artist lofts and office space. Proposed tenants include a faith-based institution, high school, record production facility and restaurant. The technology center will create jobs for 200 youth and adults and provide entrepreneurial opportunities for disadvantaged members of the community. The linchpin of the program strategy will be the creation of a film and media center, technology center and film stage. It will be the headquarters for the Art and Education Youth Programs, provide space for a sound studio and catering facility and house the business offices for the development corporation. The UEDC has received pledges of $3.5 million but it will take around $8 million to get the facility fully operational.Famed drummer and founder of the group, The Trammps, Earl Young serves as the Entertainment Outreach Co-Chair along with noted Musician, Alfie Pollitt. In December 0f 2013, the Mural Wall dedicated to Georgie Woods and the groups that performed there suffered damage due to the retaining wall separating the theater from the building once next to it. Repairs and remdiation is taking place. Additional funds are being sought to complete the wall and repaint the mural.</p><br>
<p>The projected completion date is now being revised, however officials of the Uptown Entertainment and Development Corporation expect the theater to be opened before the end of 2014.</p><br>
<p>Laguna Hedionda  is a saline lake in the Nor Lípez Province, Potosí Department in Bolivia. It is notable for various migratory species of pink and white flamingos.</p><br>
<p>Laguna Hedionda is one of the nine small saline lakes in the Andean Altiplano. It lies at an altitude of 4,121 m, with an area of 3 km&sup2;. Salt flats and bofedales (wetlands) are spread over the periphery of the lake. It is in a very remote area where human habitation is negligible. However, llamas and alpacas are seen grazing in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Laguna Hedionda is located in the Cordillera Occidental area of the Bolivian Altiplano of the central Andes, which is a volcanic landscape where many small closed lake basins have been noted. The central Andes of Bolivia has two other major basins, also running in a north–south direction, namely the freshwater Lake Titicaca basin and the Poopó and the Coipasa-Uyuni basins with shallow saline lakes and/or a salt crusts.</p><br>
<p>Specifically, the catchment of Laguna Hedionda borders with Chile and Argentina. It is located just north of lake Ch&#39;iyar Quta in the central Andes mountains at an elevation of 4,121 m. There are several mountains within 44 km including Michincha, Cerro Volcanes, Cerro de Pajonal, Cerro de Tatio, Pabellón and Tocorpuri.</p><br>
<p>Laguna Hedionda has a water surface area of 3 km&sup2;. It is one of the four blue lakes that are seen on the way from the southern road that leads through Ollagüe volcano (elevation 5,865 m), the only active volcano in Bolivia; the other three lakes are Cañapa, Ramaditas and Ch&#39;iyar Quta. All the lakes are sourced by springs and have high sulphur content. The peripheral area of the lake is strewn with black volcanic rocks. Coal deposits are found near the lake. The catchment area of the lake is primarily covered with semi-desert steppe and dwarf scrub.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>Diatom studies were carried out in the lake basins of the central Andes, which included the lake in the Lípez area, to determine the past lacustrine depth based on basin morphology, stratigraphy, sediment samples, altitude and diatom ecology. From these studies, it has been inferred that the hydrology of the closed basins of the Lípez (including several lakes such as Laguna Hedionda, Cañapa, Ch&#39;iyar Quta, Honda, Pujito, Ramaditas and Ballivian) have a direct relationship with the regional climatic conditions since their catchment area is small compared to other lakes in the Coipasa-Uyuni basin. These are shallow lakes and their chemistry and diatom flora are well assessed.</p><br>
<p>The lake water has a high salinity level of 66–80% and therefore is rich in invertebrate zooplankton and benthos, such as Artemia. A survey carried out in 1979 described the presence of Artemia salina, nematodes and harpacticoids.</p><br>
<p>The lake has mineral deposits of thenardite and ulexite, gypsum, lithium, boron and potassium, among others.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Set in the backdrop of snow-covered mountains, the lake, like its neighbours, is famous for a variety of high Andean waterfowl, particularly flamingos (mostly white for the reason that algae that creates the pink colour is comparatively less in the lake waters), and other bird species such as ducks and the Andean goose, and herds of vicuña are also reported. The southern lakes in the Bolivian Altiplano including Laguna Hedionda form one of the major wintering grounds for Phalaropus tricolor followed by Phoenicopterus chilensis and Phoenicopterus jamesi. On one particular date in February 1979, Phalaropus tricolor, Phoenicoparrus jamesi, Phoenicoparrus andinus and Phoenicopterus chilensis counted in the area were about one million, out of which 500,000 were reported from Laguna Hedionda and two other lakes.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Hunter gatherers of the paleo-ceramic or Paleo-Indian period (8,000 BC) lived in the vicinity of the lake. Between 10,000 BC and 2500 BC, the languages spoken in the area were Uru and Choquela.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Brooks House is located on Pleasant Hill Road north of the hamlet of Mountainville in the Town of Cornwall, New York, United States. It is a cottage in a mix of Victorian architectural styles, most notably Carpenter Gothic and Stick Style, built around 1860.</p><br>
<p>Its location, near Schunemunk Mountain, and architecture made it a desirable location for the summer boarders who made Cornwall a popular resort community in the late 19th century. It survives mostly intact today. In 1996 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house sits back from Pleasant Hill Road at the end of a semicircular driveway. There are two barns near it, both part of Brooks&#39; original farm, long since subdivided. Both are considered contributing resources to the NRHP listing.</p><br>
<p>Two and a half stories high with a setback southern wing one story shorter, the five-bay house is sided in clapboard. Its cross-gabled roof, shingled in asphalt, is trimmed with a plain molded cornice with plain frieze and ornate carved vergeboards in the gables, framing a pointed-arch window with hood molding on the more-visible southern and eastern faces. A brick chimney rises from the north end.</p><br>
<p>A small wooden front entrance porch has a flat roof, bracketed cornice, piers with similar capitals and a cutout railing in between, and a plain frieze. The wing and west (rear) face have similar porches without the cutouts.</p><br>
<p>The paneled wooden door leads to a central hall. Many of the finishings and trim in the 3,066 ft&sup2; of interior space on both stories is original.</p><br>
<p>Behind the house is a two-story vertical-sided wooden barn with a cross-gabled roof shingled in wood. The other barn, to the northwest, is sided in wood shingles with a gabled asphalt roof. Both are remnants of the original farm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brooks, a descendant of one of Cornwall&#39;s oldest families, built this as a farmhouse around 1860. After the Civil War, summer boarders from New York City began coming to Cornwall, and Brooks quickly adapted it for use as a boardinghouse.</p><br>
<p>The house has remained a residence ever since. Since September 2008, it has been for sale.</p><br>
<p>Warrenton Historic District is a national historic district located at Warrenton, Warren County, North Carolina. The district encompasses 202 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Warrenton. The district developed between about 1840 and 1926, and includes notable examples of Early Republic, Greek Revival, and Late Victorian architecture. Notable buildings include the Falkener House, Macon Street House, Peter Davis Store, Jones-Cook House , Eaton Place , Sommerville-Graham House  by Jacob W. Holt, Presbyterian Church also by Holt, Baptist Church, Methodist Episcopal Church, Miles Hardware Store, Warrenton City Hall, Warrenton Hotel, John Graham School, and the USA Post Office.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Ranigat  is a collection of 2nd century CE Buddhist ruins spread over an area of 4 square kilometers which dates from the Gandhara civilization. Ranigat is located in Buner valley of Pakistan&#39;s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.</p><br>
<p>According to the archeologists, Ranigat remained the center of Buddhist art and culture for centuries. Ranigat, has been a celebrated part of folklore, with songs and stories having been written about it.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The word Ranigat is the combination of two different languages ‘Rani’ and ‘gat’. ‘Rani’ is a Urdu word that means ‘Queen’ while ‘gat’ is a Pashto word which means a ‘huge rock’,</p><br>
<p>so archaeological site of Ranigat, meaning "Queen&#39;s Rock". The referenced rock is on top of a mountain that is visible from far distances.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>The site of Ranigat is situated on the top of a ridge, where the remains of the region&#39;s largest Buddhist monastic complex reside. Structures on the site include stupas, monasteries, shrines, drainage networks, and other buildings. Ranigat is a 2500-year-old Buddhist archaeological site belonging to the Gandhara civilization and is a good evidence of the Buddhist past of the area.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The site can be reached by climbing the stairs constructed by the Japanese. The main attractions include; Stupas, monasteries, drainage systems and a big rock erected by the ancient people at some distance that they probably used to worship. The city was beautifully designed and stones from the local mountains have been extensively used. Ranigat is easily accessible through M1 or (Motorway) or N35. It is about 20 km away from Swabi and 100 km from Peshawar or Islamabad.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Under excavation by a joint UNESCO-Japanese team since the 1980s, the site has had issues related to vandalism. The site is now under surveillance and is surrounded by a barbed-wire fence.</p><br>
<p>This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on January 30, 2004 in the Cultural category.</p><br>
<p>The Homs Gap   is a relatively flat passage in the Orontes River Valley of southern Syria. Nicknamed the "gateway to Syria," the gap separates the An-Nusayriyah Mountains and Jabal Zawiya from the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains. The small Nahr al-Kabir river runs down the Gap to the Syrian coast to the Mediterranean Sea.</p><br>
<p>For hundreds of years, traders and invaders have found the Homs Gap an important route from the coast to the country&#39;s interior and to other parts of Asia because it "provides the easiest access between the Mediterranean coast and the Syrian interior." The gap is also the only large crossing open year-round across the mountain ranges.</p><br>
<p>Today, the highway and railroad in Homs to the Lebanese port of Tripoli run through the gap. A pipeline carrying oil also runs through the gap. In addition, the Krak des Chevaliers castle is in the Homs Gap. The castle was built in 1031 AD to guard the strategic passageway during the First Crusade, and changed hands several times during the rest of the Crusades.</p><br>
<p>The Val di Taro is the valley of the Taro river, a tributary of the Po. The valley lies almost entirely in the Province of Parma, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Val di Taro is approximately 126 km long, and runs from south-west to north-east. The source of the Taro is on Monte Penna, on the border between Emilia-Romagna and Liguria. It runs into the Po at Gramignazzo, a frazione of the comune of Sissa. The valley lies between the Val Baganza to the east, the valley of the Vara and the Valle di Magra to the south and the Valle del Ceno to the west. The Parco fluviale Regionale del Taro, or regional park of the Taro river, lies within it, and extends approximately from Fornovo di Taro to Ponte Taro.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Val di Taro is traversed by the Via Francigena, the ancient road and pilgrim route from Canterbury to Rome, which follows the valley from Noceto to the Passo della Cisa. From mediaeval times most of the Val di Taro was held by the Landi family, princes of Val di Taro. Their castle stands at Compiano. In the late 16th century their lands passed into the hands of Ottavio Farnese following a failed conspiracy against the Farnese family in 1582, some thirty years before the more famous Sanvitale conspiracy. Claudio Landi, Prince of Val di Taro, plotted with Giambattista Anguissola and Giammaria and Cammillo Scotti to assassinate Farnese, but the plot was discovered; Landi lost the Val di Taro, and the other conspirators lost their heads.</p><br>
<p>The Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens are located along the banks of the Cagayan River in the province of Cagayan, Philippines. It is currently under consideration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Roughly 500 km northeast of Manila, various shell middens can be found that consist of shells of the predominant species Batissa childreni, a freshwater clam, in highest abundance. The middens are of various sizes and ages with the oldest being carbon dated to 2000 BC and youngest to 100 AD. They reside on nearby hilltops and also on the immediate banks of the Cagayan River. The largest deposits of shells can be found in Magapit and Bangag in Lal-lo while the thickest shell midden is more than six feet.</p><br>
<p>Near many of the middens have been found stone implements, bones, teeth, and intricately designed pottery</p><br>
<h2>Declaration</h2><br>
<p>This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on May 16, 2006 in the Cultural category.</p><br>
<p>Shreveport Municipal Memorial Auditorium is a historic performance and meeting venue at 705 Elvis Presley Boulevard in Shreveport, Louisiana. It is an Art Deco building constructed between 1926 and 1929 during the administration of Mayor Lee Emmett Thomas as a memorial to the servicemen of World War I. In 1991, the auditorium was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and on October 6, 2008, it was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The building was designed by architects Samuel G. Wiener, Sr., and Seymour Van Os, both of the firm of Jones, Roessle, Olschner & Wiener of Shreveport. Contractor for construction was the Ashton Glassell Company, also of Shreveport.</p><br>
<h2>Stage of Stars Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Municipal Memorial Auditorium houses the Stage of Stars Museum, and a 3,200-seat auditorium, which is used for concerts, family shows, Broadway plays, boxing, and other special events. It is nationally significant, and was designated a National Historic Landmark, for hosting the Louisiana Hayride radio program, hosted by Frank Page (1925-2013). During its heyday, from 1948 to 1960, the program spawned the careers of some of the greatest names in American Country and Rockabilly music. The Hayride regularly featured performers, such as Hank Williams, Slim Whitman, Jim Reeves, Johnny Cash, Johnny Horton, and Elvis Presley, who got his start at this venue.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>The auditorium has been undergoing renovations since 1994. Recent improvements to the auditorium have included air conditioning, renovated restrooms, installation of ramps and an elevator. A fully restored auditorium is pending.</p><br>
<p>Crug Mawr is a hill in the Black Mountains in the Brecon Beacons National Park in southern Powys, Wales. Its summit at a height of 550m  is marked by a trig point. The peak sits high above the valleys of the Grwyne Fawr and Grwyne Fechan to the north of the more well-known Sugar Loaf. The views from here across the Black Mountains are wide ranging and also extend eastwards across Monmouthshire. Four ridges run off to the northwest, east, southeast and southwest, the last ending in the subsidiary summit of Blaen-yr-henbant.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>All of the upper slopes of the hill are designated as open country. A bridleway runs up from the minor road east of Llanbedr and then on northwards to Mynydd Du Forest. The Beacons Way runs across the slopes of the hill between Partrishow and Llanbedr.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>In common with other hills in the Black Mountains, Crug Mawr is formed from mudstones and sandstones of the Old Red Sandstone laid down during the Devonian period but there is little rock exposed at the surface other than in the beds of the streams which occupy valleys such as Cwm Milaid and Cwm Beusych.</p><br>
<p>Buffalo Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian Church located in Pamplin, Prince Edward County, Virginia. Built about 1804, it is a simple frame weather-boarded structure with a gable roof covered with standing seam metal. Early in the 20th century the front of the church was reoriented to the east and, in 1931, an addition was made, consisting of an entrance vestibule flanked on either side by a small classroom. Also on the property is the contributing church cemetery, with a number of stone markers, the earliest of which is dated 1832. The congregation of Buffalo was formed in 1739 and is the earliest extant Presbyterian congregation in Southside Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Itea , is a village and a community of the Florina municipality. The 2011 census recorded 542 residents in the village.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1845 the Russian slavist Victor Grigorovich recorded Verbini as Bulgarian village. Johann Georg von Hahn in his map from 1861 marked the village as Bulgarian, too.</p><br>
<p>In the book “Ethnographie des Vilayets d&#39;Adrianople, de Monastir et de Salonique”, published in Constantinople in 1878, that reflects the statistics of the male population in 1873, Dolno Vrbeni was noted as a village with 200 households and 615 Bulgarian inhabitants. In 1886 al of its inhabitants were Greek Orthodox. In 1900 there was a Bulgarian school and church. According to Vasil Kanchov’s statistics, in 1900, Varbeni had 690 Bulgarian inhabitants. In 1903 all of its inhabitants were part of the Bulgarian Exarchate. The whole population of the village was under the supremacy of the Bulgarian Exarchate in the early 20th century. According to the evidences of Dimitar Mishev, the secretary of the Exarchate, there were 624 Bulgarians in Varbeni in 1905. In 1910 Vyrbeni had 455 inhabitants. In 1925, 50 inhabitants of the village were arrested by Greek authorities for collaborating with VMRO in the November bombing incident in Florina.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of 2001, a survey on the usage of languages in the villages of Florina and Aridea showed that, along with the Greek language, the Macedonian language is spoken, mostly by elderly people and in private. According to the 2011 census, the population of Itea was 542 people, a decrease of 14% compared to the previous census of 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Notable persons</h2><br>
<p>Liolias, Greek Macedonian fighter and local chieftain</p><br>
<p>Georgi Traykov (1898–1975) - Bulgarian politician. Leader of BANU from 1947 and 1975 and head of state of Bulgaria from 1964 to 1971.</p><br>
<p>Achlada  is a village in the Florina regional unit, Greece. It was previously known as Κρουσοράτη  or Κρουσουράτη  until it was renamed by Greek authorities in 1926.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The settlement was mentioned in an Ottoman tax register (defter) of 1626-1627, under the name of Krushorad, and was described as having sixty-one non-Muslim households. The Russian slavist Victor Grigorovich recorded Krushorade (Крушораде) as mainly Bulgarian village in 1845. The population of the village was under the supremacy of the Bulgarian Exarchate in the beginning of the 20th century. The survey "La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne" by Dimitar Mishev concluded that the Christian population in 1905 was composed of 760 Bulgarian Exarchists.</p><br>
<p>Sitaria  is a village in the Florina regional unit, Greece.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village with the name "Rosna" is recorded since the 15th century. It was then Mustafa Hasuhs, Ibraim Ibraims and Kasim Hamzas feud. During 19th century Rosna was Robes manor and many workers according to the Austrian Johann Georg von Hahn in 1861 Rosen (or Rastna at the time) were Bulgarians. This was confirmed by ethnographer Brancoff who noted the village had 45 households and a population of 110 male Bulgarians in 1873. According to Kontogiannis map in the mid of the 19th century and N. Schenas in 1886, the inhabitants were Macedonians (Greeks) Slavic speaking. It was officially renamed to Sitaria in 1926.</p><br>
<h2>Pan-Macedonian Meeting</h2><br>
<p>The local Cultural Club of Sitaria "Nei Orizondes" (New Horizons), organized for the 1st time in 2011, the Pan-Macedonian Meeting of Macedonian Folklore Clubs. Since then, every summer musicians and dancers from all over Macedonia and abroad (including the Pan-Macedonian Association of United States) are gathered for three days in Sitaria, playing Music of Macedonia (Greece) and dancing. Its the worlds most important festival for Macedonians (Greeks).</p><br>
<p>Licancabur Lake is a crater lake in Chile located in the volcano Licancabur in the Antofagasta region, of the Región de Antofagasta, Province of El Loa. It is close to San Pedro de Atacama and also very close to the border of Chile with Bolivia. It is believed to be one of the highest lakes in the world at an elevation of 5,900 m.</p><br>
<p>The lake is one among several volcanic lakes in the region at high altitude. The lake is located inside the summit crater of Licancabur and was discovered by climbers in 1953, when it was 280 ft long. While the lake may have overflowed in the past, presently it is only drained by seepage and evaporation. It covered a surface area of 7,000 m&sup2; in 2002; lake levels vary otherwise.</p><br>
<p>The lake has clear waters and is slightly saline; temperatures ranging between 1.4 - and 6 &deg;C as recorded at the lake bottom in 2006 suggest it is subject to geothermal heating. The local climate is arid, cold and subject to strong insolation, including strong ultraviolet radiation. This has caused the lake to be compared to the environment of Mars. Despite these conditions, the lake features a biota including bacteria, archaea, crustaceans and even a midge.</p><br>
<h2>Context</h2><br>
<p>Volcanic lakes in the Andes of Bolivia and Chile can be found at high altitude, some of them close to or exceeding 6,000 m. Such lakes often are poor in nutrients and exposed to strong ultraviolet radiation, partly due to high insolation and partly because their waters tend to be transparent to ultraviolet radiation. Further, the atmosphere at such altitudes is oxygen-poor.</p><br>
<p>These and other environmental properties are similar to the conditions that existed on Mars. At the end of the last ice age, the Andes became much drier. The NASA High Lakes Project has studied several such lakes.</p><br>
<p>Licancabur Lake is located on Licancabur, a notable volcano whose cone dominates the Bolivian-Chilean frontier and the surrounding region. This volcano formed in the late Pleistocene, and is potentially active. Two other lakes, Laguna Blanca and Laguna Verde, can be found at the foot of the volcano. Escalante volcano farther north also had a crater lake in 2004. The volcano was considered a holy mountain by the Atacameno people and its climbing discouraged. Nevertheless, stone buildings were found by climbers on the crater rim in 1953. Legend has it that a golden guanaco head can be found in the crater.</p><br>
<h2>Physical properties</h2><br>
<p>The lake was first discovered by climbers in 1953. The lake is at the bottom of the crater of Licancabur, at a depth of 150 ft beneath the crater rim. A low content of dissolved material renders its waters clear. It is one of the highest lakes in the world.</p><br>
<p>The lake has the shape of an ellipse, 280 ft long in 1953. In 2002, the lake covered a surface area of 7,000 m&sup2;. The lake is maximally 5.2 m deep. Water levels were fairly variable between 1990-2010. It lies at an altitude of 19,300 ft. Its catchment covers a surface area of 240,000 ft2 and was probably larger before erosion of the crater set in.</p><br>
<p>Water is supplied to the lake by snowfall. The average precipitation between 2002-2007 was measured to be 118 mm. According to estimates in 1955, slightly more than half of the lake water leaves the lake through seepage and the rest through evaporation. It is possible that the lake overflowed over its southwestern rim, when the climate was wetter in the past and water depth reached 130 ft. A channel is found there and this would explain the lack of salt deposits, and past shorelines indicate that the lake reached depths of 10 -.</p><br>
<p>Water temperatures range from 1.4 -. Water temperatures are highest at the shore and decrease towards the centre of the lake. At the time of its first discovery, the lake was not frozen. This contrasted with other crater lakes in the region which were usually frozen. Currently, an ice cover exists from April to September; it can reach a thickness of 80 cm.</p><br>
<p>Overall salt content is 1.2 g/l. The original discoverers of Licancabur Lake considered it to have a low salt content, given that typical salt deposits were missing. The high quantities of,, and in the waters of the lake compared to the quantities in springs at the foot of Licancabur may be due to prolonged water-rock interactions. Nitrite, nitrate and phosphate concentrations are small. Chloride and sulfate indicate the input of geothermal liquids into the lake, and degassing was observed in 2006, resulting in higher water temperatures in the area of the degassing. pH values of 8-4-6.9 were measured during 2002-2006.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental conditions</h3><br>
<p>Licancabur Lake is exposed to extreme climatic conditions, including low air pressure, strong insolation and strong temperature fluctuations. The climate at Licancabur Lake is arid and strong evaporation is prevalent.</p><br>
<p>Air temperatures at Licancabur Lake range 5 - during daytime and -25 - at night. The air pressure is less than half that at sea level. Water temperatures at the lake bottom always exceed 0 &deg;C though - one measurement in 1984 indicated a temperature of 6 &deg;C. Such warming may be caused by geothermal heat from the volcano.</p><br>
<p>Most precipitation falls during the so-called "Altiplanic winter" in summer, but winter storms also bring some water to the Licancabur region. Ultraviolet irradiation in 2003 was measured to be 89 -. Occasionally, the Antarctic ozone hole influences the Licancabur area. The environment at Licancabur Lake has been compared to that of ancient lakes on Mars, raising interest in its lifeforms. In 2002, a weather station was placed on the shores of the lake and records weather and ultraviolet radiation data.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>In 1981, archeologists discovered that Licancabur Lake hosts plankton. Despite the high ultraviolet radiation, organisms can be found in the radiation-exposed parts of the water column, including at the lake surface at noon.</p><br>
<p>Microbial mats containing cyanobacteria have been found on the lake bottom. A total dissolved carbon content of 2.44 mg/l has been found in the lake. The amount of cells found in sediments of the lake increases with the depth of the sediments; archea are only present beneath 2.5 m.</p><br>
<p>Typical bacterial taxa are actinobacteria, bacteroidetes and betaproteobacteria. Overall, at such high lakes only a limited amount of bacterial taxa can be found. The proteobacteria and bacteroidetes-cytophaga-flavobacteria dominate the community of Licancabur Lake bacteria, something that has also been found in other lakes in similar environments in Tibet and northwest Argentina. There are more bacterial species in the lake than archean ones. Cyanobacteria are mostly taxa which display nitrogen fixing such as Calothrix, Nodularia and Nostoc. There are noticeable differences in the bacterial communities in shallow and deep waters.</p><br>
<p>Some genomic sequences retrieved from Licancabur resemble those from Salar de Ascotan, Salar de Atacama and Salar del Huasco. Cyanobacterial genomic sequences resemble these of geothermal and cold environments. Most genomic sequences isolated in Licancabur lake have less than 95% similarity to cultured species, with about 37% of all cyanobacteria observed being new species.</p><br>
<p>Coloured copepods were observed to form swarms in the lake; some in November 2006 were found at the lake surface and others hidden between rocks. Two cladoceran, two ostracod and one testate amoeba species were originally discovered in Licancabur Lake. The zooplankton species identified at Licancabur are widespread in South America, in one case reaching Antarctica.</p><br>
<p>Species that have been identified in Licancabur Lake include the cladoceran crustacean Alona altiplana, and the testate amoeba Scutiglypha cabrolae. One species each of a testate amoeba, a chironomid, rotifer, two species copepods and three species cladocerans have been reported in 2009. The larva of this chironomid midge is also the highest find of a chironomid midge, surpassing Tibetan specimens.</p><br>
<h2>Scuba diving</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, scuba divers collected samples from the lake bottom. A previous dive in 1982 by Johan Reinhard was once the highest scuba dive in the world, but as of November 2016 a dive in a lake at Ojos del Salado on 21 February 2016 occurred at even higher altitudes.</p><br>
